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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
|---|---|
| 1,7β,10β-trihydroxy-9-oxo-5β,20-epoxytax-11-ene-2α,4,13α-triyl 4-acetate 2-benzoate 13-{(2R,3S)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoate} | |
| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Taxotere |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a696031 |
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Pregnancy
category |
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Legal status
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Routes of
administration |
IV |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | NA |
| Protein binding | >98% |
| Metabolism | Hepatic |
| Half-life | 86 hours |
| Excretion | Biliary |
| Identifiers | |
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CAS Registry Number
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114977-28-5 N |
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ATC code
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L01CD02 |
| PubChem | CID 148124 |
| DrugBank | DB01248 N |
| ChemSpider | 130581 N |
| UNII | 699121PHCA N |
| KEGG | D07866 N |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:4672 N |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL92 N |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C43H53NO14 |
|
Molecular mass
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807.879 g/mol |
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SMILES
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InChI
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| N (what is this?) (verify) | |
Docetaxel (as generic or under the trade name Taxotere or Docecad) is a clinically well-established anti-mitotic chemotherapy medication that works by interfering with cell division. Docetaxel is approved by the FDA for treatment of locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer, head and neck cancer, gastric cancer, hormone-refractory prostate cancer and non small-cell lung cancer.[1] Docetaxel can be used as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs as indicated depending on specific cancer type and stage.[2]
Docetaxel is a member of the taxane drug class, which also includes the chemotherapeutic medication paclitaxel. Although docetaxel remains twice as potent as paclitaxel (due to docetaxel’s effect on the centrosome of the mitotic spindle), the two taxanes have been observed to have comparable efficacy.[3] Several recent articles have found "no evidence that regimens containing docetaxel yield greater benefits than those including paclitaxel."[4] While efficacy between the two agents has been observed to be equivalent, paclitaxel may cause fewer side effects.[3] Additionally, it has been noted that docetaxel is prone to cellular drug resistance via a variety of different mechanisms.[5]
The optimal dose scheduling of taxanes remains unconfirmed, but most studies find significant mortality benefit following either a three-week or a one-week administration schedule. While a 2010 article in Current Clinical Pharmacology states, "weekly administration has emerged as the optimal schedule," the official docetaxel package insert recommends administration every three weeks.[2] Important toxicities to note include neutropenia, febrile neutropenia and neurosensory disturbances. Such toxicities have been well documented in Phase II and Phase III clinical trials and can be anticipated and subsequently managed.[5]
Docetaxel is marketed worldwide under the name Taxotere by Sanofi-Aventis [6] as well as Docefrez by Sun Pharma Global and Zytax by Zydus.[7] Annual sales of Taxotere in 2010 were Euro 2.122 billion ($US 3.1 billion). The patent expired in 2010.[citation needed]
Clinicians sometimes use the abbreviation "TXT" for docetaxel, although (like many medical abbreviations) it is not a unique identifier.
Contents
- 1 Medical uses
- 1.1 Prostate cancer
- 1.2 Outcomes
- 1.3 Monitoring and combination with other drugs
- 2 Adverse effects
- 2.1 Contraindications and patient factors
- 2.2 Pregnancy
- 2.3 Drug interactions
- 3 Chemical structure, nature, and composition
- 3.1 Nature
- 3.2 Formulations and compositions
- 3.3 Active regions
- 4 Pharmacokinetics
- 4.1 Absorption and distribution
- 4.2 Metabolism and excretion
- 5 Mechanism of action
- 5.1 Molecular target
- 5.2 Modes of action
- 5.3 Cellular responses
- 6 Discovery, regulation and marketing
- 6.1 Costs
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 External links
Medical uses
A woman being treated with docetaxel chemotherapy for breast cancer. Cold mittens and wine coolers are placed on her hands and feet to prevent deleterious effects on the nails. Similar strategies can be used to prevent hair loss.
Docetaxel is used in the treatment of a variety of cancers including: breast, lung, prostate, gastric, head and neck, and ovarian cancer.[8] Clinical data has shown docetaxel to have cytotoxic activity against breast, colorectal, lung, ovarian, prostate, liver, renal, gastric, head and neck cancers, and melanoma.[9]
Prostate cancer
In those with hormone refractory prostate cancer docetaxel improves life expectancy and overall life quality.[10]
Outcomes
Treatment with docetaxel has the specific outcome of increasing survival time in patients with certain types of cancer.[6][9][11] While some clinical trials show median survival times to be increased by approximately only three months, the range of survival time is large.[12] Many patients survive beyond five years with treatment from docetaxel, however it is difficult to attribute these findings directly to treatment with docetaxel.[13] Improved median survival time and response indicates that docetaxel slows metastatic cancer progression and can lead to disease-free survival.[12][13][14] Conjunctive treatment of prednisone with docetaxel has been shown to lead to improved survival rate as well as improved quality of life and reduction of pain compared with treatments with mitoxantrone.[13]
As well as inhibiting mitosis, the presence of docetaxel has been found to lead to the phosphorylation of the oncoprotein bcl-2, which leads to apoptosis of cancer cells that had previously blocked the apoptotic inducing mechanism, leading to tumour regression.[9] Enhanced effects of radiation therapy when combined with docetaxel has been observed in mice.[9] Docetaxel has also been found to have greater cellular uptake and is retained longer intracellularly than paclitaxel allowing docetaxel treatment to be effective with a smaller dose, leading to fewer and less severe adverse effects.[15]
Monitoring and combination with other drugs
Docetaxel is administered via a one-hour infusion every three weeks over ten or more cycles.[12] Treatment is given under supervision from an oncologist and takes place in a hospital, where vital signs are monitored during infusion. Strict monitoring of blood cell counts, liver function, serum electrolytes, serum creatinine, heart function and fluid retention is required to track the progression of tumour cells, response, adverse reactions and toxicity so that treatment can be modified or terminated if necessary.[16]
Premedication with corticosteroids is recommended before each administration of docetaxel to reduce fluid retention and hypersensitive reactions.[12] Oral dexamethasone is given before docetaxel treatment for prostate cancer. Docetaxel is typically used for the treatment of carcinoma on its own. Other medications will often be given to aid pain management and other symptoms. The treatment of breast cancer with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide is enhanced by adjuvant treatment with docetaxel. Docetaxel is also used in combination with capecitabine, a DNA synthesis inhibitor.[17]
Adverse effects
Docetaxel is a chemotherapeutic agent and is a cytotoxic compound and so is effectively a biologically damaging drug.[9][18] As with all chemotherapy, adverse effects are common and many varying side-effects have been documented.[12][14] Because docetaxel is a cell cycle specific agent, it is cytotoxic to all dividing cells in the body.[19] This includes tumour cells as well as hair follicles, bone marrow and other germ cells. For this reason, common chemotherapy side effects such as hair loss occur; sometimes this can be permanent. North west France are conducting a survey to establish exactly how many people are being affected in this way. Independent studies show it could be as high as 6.3% which puts this it in the 'common and frequent' classification.[19]
Incidence of commonly experienced non-haematological adverse effects reported for treatment with docetaxel. Data from 40 phase II and phase III studies (n=2045) with patients undergoing a one-hour infusion of 100 mg/m2 docetaxel once every three weeks.
Haematological adverse effects include Neutropenia (95.5%), Anaemia (90.4%), Febrile neutropenia (11.0%) and Thrombocytopenia (8.0%).[12][14] Deaths due to toxicity accounted for 1.7% of the 2045 patients and incidence was increased (9.8%) in patients with elevated baseline liver function tests (liver dysfunction).[12][14]
Observations of severe side effects in the above 40 phase II and phase III studies were also recorded.
Incidence of severe adverse effects reported in patients treated with docetaxel. Data from 40 phase II and phase III studies with patients undergoing a one-hour infusion of 100 mg/m2 docetaxel once every three weeks.
Many more side effects have been reported for conjunctive and adjuvant treatment with docetaxel as well as rare post-marketing events.[12]
Contraindications and patient factors
Docetaxel is contraindicated for use with patients with; a baseline neutrophil count less than 1500 cells/µL, a history of severe hypersensitivity reactions to docetaxel or polysorbate 80, severe liver impairment and pregnant or breast-feeding women.[12][14]
Side effects are experienced more frequently by patients of 65 years or older, but dosage is usually not decreased.[12][16] Renal failure is thought not to be a significant factor for docetaxel dosage adjustment.[16] Patients with hepatic insufficiency resulting in serum bilirubin greater than the upper limit of normal (ULN) should not be administered docetaxel, though this is not a stated contraindication. Dosage should be reduced by 20% in patients who suffer from; grade 3 or 4 diarrhoea following exposure to docetaxel, hepatotoxicity defined by liver enzymes at levels greater than five times the ULN, and grade 2 palmer-planter toxicity.[16]
Paediatric trials of docetaxel have been limited and so safety of use in patients under 16 years has not been established.[11][16]
Pregnancy
Based on the limited data available, docetaxel appears to be safe in pregnancy if administered during the second and third trimesters; however, maternal and fetal risks should be weighed against benefits to determine the appropriate course of action.[20][21] As with all chemotherapeutic agents, docetaxel administered to pregnant animals causes a variety of embryofetal toxicities, including death, when given during the period of organogenesis. Yet adequate studies investigating maternal and fetal effects in humans are lacking. One small systematic review that examined the use of taxanes to treat breast cancer in pregnancy showed that, out of 19 patients, only three congenital malformations occurred.[22] Two cases of cerebral ventriculomegaly observed in the study were documented prior to the administration of chemotherapy, suggesting an alternate cause of congenital malformation. The third case involved pyloric stenosis in an infant whose mother received a combination regimen of docetaxel, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide and paclitaxel; because the fetus was exposed to multiple drugs in utero, it remains difficult to identify docetaxel as the causative teratogenic agent.[22] Further studies are needed to better assess the safety of docetaxel in pregnancy and determine appropriate dosing in pregnant women.
Drug interactions
Drug interactions may be the result of altered pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics due to one of the drugs involved.[11] Cisplatin, dexamethasone, doxorubicin, etoposide, and vinblastine are all potentially co-administered with docetaxel and did not modify docetaxel plasma binding in phase II studies.[23] Cisplatin is known to have a complex interaction with some CYPs and has in some events been shown to reduce docetaxel clearance by up to 25%.[11] Anticonvulsants induce some metabolic pathways relevant to docetaxel. CYP450 and CYP3A show increased expression in response to the use of anticonvulsants and the metabolism of docetaxel metabolite M4 is processed by these CYPs. A corresponding increase in clearance of M4 by 25% is observed in patients taking phenytoin and phenobarbital, common anticonvulsants.[11]
| Drug Interacting with Docetaxel | Adverse Effects from Interaction |
|---|---|
| Cisplatin | increased risk of delayed neuropathy |
| Cyclosporine, Dalfopristin, Erythromycin, Itraconazole, Ketoconazole, Quinupristin, Terfenadine, Troleandomycin | increased risk of docetaxel toxicity including some or all of; anaemia, leucopoenia, thrombocytopenia, fever, diarrhoea |
| Doxorubicin Hydrochloride | cholestatic jaundice and pseudomembranous colitis |
| Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Liposome | increased doxorubicin exposure |
| Vaccinations for; Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin, Measles, Mumps, Poliovirus, Rotavirus, Rubella, Smallpox, Typhoid, Varicella, Yellow Fever | increased risk of infection by live vaccine |
| Thalidomide | increased risk of venous thromboembolism |
Erythromycin, ketoconazole and cyclosporine are CYP3A4 inhibitors and therefore inhibit the metabolic pathway of docetaxel.[11] When used with anticonvulsants, which induce CYP3A4, an increased dose of docetaxel may be required.[11]
Pre-treatment with corticosteroids has been used to decrease hypersensitivity reactions and oedema in response to docetaxel and has shown no effect on the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel.[11] The efficacy of docetaxel was improved by treatment with oral capecitabine and after more than 27 months follow-up, the survival benefit has been confirmed.[9] Doxorubicin was combined with docetaxel in one study of 24 patients and resulted in an increased AUC of docetaxel by 50 to 70%, indicating doxorubicin may affect the disposition of docetaxel.[11] Etoposide has also been shown to decrease docetaxel clearance, thought patient numbers for this observation have been low.[11]
Prednisone given with docetaxel led to improved survival, quality of life and pain management in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer.[13]
Chemical structure, nature, and composition
Nature
Docetaxel is of the chemotherapy drug class; taxane, and is a semi-synthetic analogue of paclitaxel (Taxol), an extract from the bark of the rare Pacific yew tree Taxus brevifolia.[11] Due to scarcity of paclitaxel, extensive research was carried out leading to the formulation of docetaxel – an esterified product of 10-deacetyl baccatin III, which is extracted from the renewable and more readily available leaves of the European yew tree.
Docetaxel differs from paclitaxel at two positions in its chemical structure. It has a hydroxyl functional group on carbon 10, whereas paclitaxel has an acetate ester, and a tert-butyl carbamate ester exists on the phenylpropionate side chain instead of the benzyl amide in paclitaxel. The carbon 10 functional group change causes docetaxel to be more water soluble than paclitaxel.[11]
Formulations and compositions
Docetaxel is a white powder and is the active ingredient available in 20 mg and 80 mg Taxotere single-dose vials of concentrated anhydrous docetaxel in polysorbate 80.[11][12] The solution is a clear brown-yellow containing 40 mg docetaxel and 1040 mg polysorbate 80 per mL.[12] 20 mg Taxotere is distributed in a blister carton containing one single-dose vial of Taxotere (docetaxel) preparation in 0.5 mL sterile pyrogen-free anhydrous polysorbate 80, and a single dose Taxotere solvent vial containing 1.5 mL 13% ethanol in saline to be combined and diluted in a 250 mL infusion bag containing 0.9% sodium chloride or 5% glucose for administration.[12] 80 mg Taxotere is supplied identically but with 2.0 mL polysorbate 80 and 6.0 mL 13% ethanol in saline. The docetaxel and solvent vials are combined to give a solution of 10 mg/mL and the required dose is drawn from this solution. Vials have an overfill to compensate for liquid loss during preparation, foaming, adhesion to vial walls and the dead volume. 20 mg vials may be stored for 24 months below 25 °C away from light and 80 mg vials for 26 months in the same conditions.[12]
Recently Sanofi has got approval for one-vial formulation.[citation needed] With this one-vial formulation, the preparation of the infusion solution is simplified by eliminating the first dilution step. The two-vial and one-vial formulations contain the same drug substance, docetaxel trihydrate, and the same excipients (ethanol, polysorbate 80 and citric acid). The one-vial formulation is administered as an aqueous intravenous solution that contains the same drug substance in the same concentration as the already approved two-vial formulation. The same grade, quality, and quantity of polysorbate 80 are present in the infusion solution of both formulations. The only difference between these two formulations is the quantity of ethanol.
Active regions
A model based on electron crystallographic density and nuclear magnetic resonance deconvolution has been proposed to explain the binding of docetaxel to β-tubulin.[24] In this T-shaped/butterfly model, a deep hydrophobic cleft exists near the surface of the β-tubulin where three potential hydrogen bonds and multiple hydrophobic contacts bind to docetaxel. The hydrophobic pocket walls contain helices H1, H6, H7 and a loop between H6 and H7 that form hydrophobic interactions with the 3’-benzamido phenyl, 3’-phenyl, and the 2-benzoyl phenyl of docetaxel. 3’-phenyl also has contact with β-sheets B8 and B10. The C-8 methyl of docetaxel has Van der Waals interactions with two residues, Thr-276 and Gln-281 near the C-terminal end of β-tubulin. Docetaxel’s O-21 experiences electrostatic attraction to Thr-276 and the C-12 methyl has proximity with Leu-371 on the loop between B9 and B10.[24]
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption and distribution
Oral bioavailability has been found to be 8% ±6% on its own and, when co-administered with cyclosporine, bioavailability increased to 90% ± 44%.[16] In practice, docetaxel is administered intravenously only to increase dose precision.[11][12][14][25] Evaluation of docetaxel pharmacokinetics in phase II and III clinical studies were with 100 mg/m² dosages given over one-hour infusions every three weeks.[11]
Docetaxel was shown to be greater than 98% plasma protein bound independent of concentration at 37 °C and pH 7.4[23] Docetaxel's plasma protein binding includes lipoproteins, alpha1 acid glycoprotein and albumin. Alpha1 acid glycoprotein is the most variable of these proteins inter-individually, especially in cancer patients and is therefore the main determinant of docetaxel's plasma binding variability.[23] Docetaxel interacted little with erythrocytes and was unaffected by the polysorbate 80 in its storage medium.[11][23] Polysorbate 80 may be the cause of hypersensitivity reasons in taxanes as recent studies indicated.[26][27]
The concentration-time profile of docetaxel was consistent with a three-compartment pharmacokinetic model.[11][12] An initial, relatively rapid decline, with an α half-life of mean 4.5 minutes is representative of distribution to peripheral compartments from the systemic circulation. A β half-life of mean 38.3 minutes and a relatively slow γ half-life of mean 12.2 hours represent the slow efflux of docetaxel from the peripheral compartment.[11][12]
Administration a 100 mg/m² dose over a one hour infusion gave a mean total body clearance of 21 L/h/m² and a mean steady state volume of distribution of 73.8 L/m² or 123 L based on the mean BSA (body surface area) of 1.68 m².[11][12] Area under the plasma concentration-time curve had a mean value of 2.8 mg.h/L.[11] The Cmax of docetaxel was found to be 4.15 ± 1.35 mg/L.[28] Increased dose resulted in a linear increase of the area under the concentration-time curve and so it is concluded that dose is directly proportional to plasma concentration.[11]
Metabolism and excretion
Docetaxel is mainly metabolised in the liver by the cytochrome P450 CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 subfamilies of isoenzymes.[11][18][29] Metabolism is principally oxidative and at the tert-butylpropionate side chain, resulting first in an alcohol docetaxel (M2), which is then cyclised to three further metabolites (M1, M3 and M4).[29] M1 and M3 are two diasteromeric hydroxyoxazolidinones and M4 is an oxazolidinedione. Phase II trials of 577 patients showed docetaxel clearance to be related to body surface area and; hepatic enzyme and alpha1 acid glycoprotein, plasma levels.[23] The following model is agreed to represent docetaxel clearance in humans:
CL = BSA · (22.1 − 3.55·AAG − 0.095·AGE + 0.2245·ALB) · (1 − 0.334·HEP12)
where CL is total body clearance (L/h), BSA is total body surface area (m²), AAG and ALB represent alpha1 acid glycoprotein and albumin plasma concentrations (g/L) respectively, and AGE is the patients age (years).[11] HEP12 represents a measure of hepatic dysfunction, affecting clearance of docetaxel. This final model accounted for a modest proportion of patients and identified most of the patients varying from the model (population median of CL = 35.6 L/h) as having hepatic dysfunction, indicating hepatic function as the most unpredictable factor with regards to clearance variability.[11]
Patients with significant hepatic dysfunction had an approximately 30% decrease in clearance of docetaxel and were also at a higher risk of toxicity poisoning from docetaxel treatment.[11] Clearance has been shown from population pharmacokinetic studies to decrease significantly with age, increased alpha1 acid glycoprotein and albumin concentrations and decreased body surface area.[11]
Renal impairment is unlikely to affect metabolism or excretion of docetaxel as renal excretion contributes less than 5% of elimination.[11] Limited data is available for docetaxel use in children with dosage between 55 and 75 mg/m². Two paediatric studies have taken place that show a mean clearance of 33 L/h/m² and concentration-time profiles best fitted by a two-compartmental model of distribution and elimination. Mean distribution half-life was 0.09 hours and mean elimination half-life was 1.4 hours in paediatric studies.[11]
Biodistribution of 14C-labelled docetaxel in three patients showed the bulk of the drug to be metabolised and excreted in bile to the faeces.[11] Of the radioactively labelled docetaxel administered, 80% was eliminated to the faeces with 5% in the urine over seven days, an indication that urinary excretion of docetaxel is minimal. Saliva contributed minimal excretion and no excretion was detected through pulmonary means.[11] The terminal half-life of docetaxel was determined as approximately 86 hours, through prolonged plasma sampling, contrary to the clinically stated terminal half-life of 10–18 hours.[16][28]
Mechanism of action
Molecular target
Docetaxel binds to microtubules reversibly with high affinity and has a maximum stoichiometry of 1 mole docetaxel per mole tubulin in microtubules.[30] This binding stabilizes microtubules and prevents depolymerisation from calcium ions, decreased temperature and dilution, preferentially at the plus end of the microtubule.[30] Docetaxel has been found to accumulate to higher concentration in ovarian adenocarcinoma cells than kidney carcinoma cells, which may contribute to the more effective treatment of ovarian cancer by docetaxel.[9][30] It has also been found to lead to the phosphorylation of oncoprotein bcl-2, which is apoptosis-blocking in its oncoprotein form.[9]
Modes of action
The cytotoxic activity of docetaxel is exerted by promoting and stabilising microtubule assembly, while preventing physiological microtubule depolymerisation/disassembly in the absence of GTP.[9][15][31] This leads to a significant decrease in free tubulin, needed for microtubule formation and results in inhibition of mitotic cell division between metaphase and anaphase, preventing further cancer cell progeny.[9][12][30]
Because microtubules do not disassemble in the presence of docetaxel, they accumulate inside the cell and cause initiation of apoptosis.[30] Apoptosis is also encouraged by the blocking of apoptosis-blocking bcl-2 oncoprotein.[9] Both in vitro and in vivo analysis show the anti-neoplastic activity of docetaxel to be effective against a wide range of known cancer cells, cooperate with other anti-neoplastic agents activity, and have greater cytotoxicity than paclitaxel, possibly due to its more rapid intracellular uptake.[9]
The main mode of therapeutic action of docetaxel is the suppression of microtubule dynamic assembly and disassembly, rather than microtubule bundling leading to apoptosis, or the blocking of bcl-2.[9][30]
Cellular responses
Docetaxel exhibits cytotoxic activity on breast, colorectal, lung, ovarian, gastric, renal and prostate cancer cells.[9] Docetaxel does not block disassembly of interphase microtubules and so does not prevent entry into the mitotic cycle, but does block mitosis by inhibiting mitotic spindle assembly.[30] Resistance to paclitaxel or anthracycline doxorubicin does not necessarily indicate resistance to docetaxel.[9] Microtubules formed in the presence of docetaxel are of a larger size than those formed in the presence of paclitaxel, which may result in improved cytotoxic efficacy.[15] Abundant formation of microtubules and the prevention to replicate caused by the presence of docetaxel leads to apoptosis of tumour cells and is the basis of docetaxel use as a cancer treatment.[15] It is unknown if pathophysiological interactions with docetaxel exist at this stage, however tumour type has been shown to have efficacy on cellular activity.[9] Docetaxel activity is significantly greater in ovarian and breast tumours than for lung tumours.[9]
Discovery, regulation and marketing
Taxotere was developed by Rhône-Poulenc Rorer (now Sanofi-Aventis) following from the discoveries of Pierre Potier at CNRS at Gif-sur-Yvette during his work on improvements to the production of Taxol.[32]
Docetaxel was protected by patents (U.S. patent 4814470,[33] European patent no EP 253738) which were owned by Sanofi-Aventis, and so was available only under the Taxotere brand name internationally.[34][35] The European patent expired in 2010.
Costs
In the UK (in 2009) The cost of 6 cycles (18 weeks) of docetaxel at a dose of 75 mg/m2 IV every 21 days is £5,262 (based on an average body surface area 1.75m2).[36]
See also
- Exudative hyponychial dermatitis
- Scleroderma-like reaction to taxanes
References
- ^ http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/druginfo/fda-docetaxel, National Cancer Institute, Last updated 3/28/2014
- ^ a b http://accessdata.fda.gov, Docetaxel Package Insert, Last updated 2/2011
- ^ a b Wei-Xiang Qi, Zan Shen, Feng Lin, et al. http://informahealthcare.com.proxy1.lib.tju.edu/doi/abs/10.1185/03007995.2012.756393, "Current Medical Research and Opinion", February 2013, Vol. 29, No. 2 , Pages 117-125 (doi:10.1185/03007995.2012.756393)
- ^ Araque Arroyo, Patricia; Ubago Perez, Cancela Diez, (April 2011). "Controversies in the management of adjuvant breast cancer with taxanes: Review of the current literature". Cancer Treatment Reviews 37 (2): 105–110. doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2010.06.002. PMID 20655664. Retrieved 21 June 2011. Cite uses deprecated parameter
|coauthors=(help) - ^ a b Scheryll Alken, Catherine M Kelly, Benefit risk assessment and update on the use of docetaxel in the management of breast cancer, "Cancer Management and Research", 2013:5 357-365
- ^ a b Anonymous. Taxotere.com for Healthcare Professionals: About. Sanofi-aventis U.S. LLC. http://www.taxotere.com/professional/about/index.do (17 Sep 2006). Last modified Jul 2005.
- ^ http://www.rxlist.com/docefrez-drug.htm
- ^ "Docetaxel". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Lyseng-Williamson KA, Fenton C (2005). "Docetaxel: a review of its use in metastatic breast cancer". Drugs 65 (17): 2513–31. doi:10.2165/00003495-200565170-00007. PMID 16296875.
- ^ Shelley, M; Harrison, C; Coles, B; Staffurth, J; Wilt, TJ; Mason, MD (Oct 18, 2006). "Chemotherapy for hormone-refractory prostate cancer.". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (4): CD005247. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005247.pub2. PMID 17054249.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Clarke SJ, Rivory LP (February 1999). "Clinical pharmacokinetics of docetaxel". Clin Pharmacokinet 36 (2): 99–114. doi:10.2165/00003088-199936020-00002. PMID 10092957.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Anonymous. Taxotere Docetaxel concentrate for infusion. Medsafe. http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/datasheet/d/DocetaxelEbeweinj.htm Likely replacement for dead link http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/Datasheet/t/taxotereinf.htm (25 Sep 2006). Last modified 6 Feb 2006.
- ^ a b c d Tannock IF, de Wit R, Berry WR et al. (October 2004). "Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer". N. Engl. J. Med. 351 (15): 1502–12. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040720. PMID 15470213. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
- ^ a b c d e f Anonymous. Taxotere.com for Healthcare Professionals: Efficacy and Safety. Sanofi-aventis U.S. LLC. http://www.taxotere.com/professional/about/efficacy_safety.do (24 Sep 2006). Last modified Jul 2005.
- ^ a b c d Eisenhauer EA, Vermorken JB (January 1998). "The taxoids. Comparative clinical pharmacology and therapeutic potential". Drugs 55 (1): 5–30. doi:10.2165/00003495-199855010-00002. PMID 9463787.
- ^ a b c d e f g Anonymous. Drugdex Evaluations: Docetaxel. Thomson MICROMEDEX. http://www.library.auckland.ac.nz/databases/learn_database/public.asp?record=micromedex#Drugdex (26 Sep 2006). Last modified 2006.
- ^ Goyle S, Maraveyas A (2005). "Chemotherapy for colorectal cancer". Dig Surg 22 (6): 401–14. doi:10.1159/000091441. PMID 16479107.
- ^ a b Anonymous. Taxotere.com for Healthcare Professionals: Pharmacokinetics. Sanofi-aventis U.S. LLC. http://www.taxotere.com/professional/about/pharmacokinetics.do (23 Sep 2006). Last modified Jul 2005.
- ^ a b Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, Moore PK. Pharmacology. 5th ed. London: Churchill Livingstone; 2003. p. 694-8.
- ^ Koren G, Carey N, Gagnon R, Maxwell C, Nulman I, Senikas V (March 2013). "Cancer chemotherapy and pregnancy". J Obstet Gynaecol Can 35 (3): 263–80. PMID 23470115.
|accessdate=requires|url=(help) - ^ Cardonick E, Bhat A, Gilmandyar D, Somer R (2012). "Maternal and fetal outcomes of taxane chemotherapy in breast and ovarian cancer during pregnancy: case series and review of the literature". Ann. Oncol. 23 (12): 3016–23. doi:10.1093/annonc/mds170. PMID 22875836.
|accessdate=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b Gideon Koren, Nathalie Carey, Robert Gagnon, et al. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pregnancy, "Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Canada", March 2013
- ^ a b c d e Urien S, Barré J, Morin C, Paccaly A, Montay G, Tillement JP (1996). "Docetaxel serum protein binding with high affinity to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein". Invest New Drugs 14 (2): 147–51. doi:10.1007/BF00210785. PMID 8913835.
- ^ a b Snyder JP, Nettles JH, Cornett B, Downing KH, Nogales E (April 2001). "The binding conformation of Taxol in β-tubulin: A model based on electron crystallographic density". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (9): 5312–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.051309398. PMC 33206. PMID 11309480.
- ^ Anonymous. New Zealand Pharmaceutical Schedule. Wellington: PHARMAC; 2006. p. 133.
- ^ http://www.communityoncology.net/co/journal/articles/0709425.pdf
- ^ http://www.ehealthme.com/ds/taxotere/hypersensitivity
- ^ a b Baker SD, Zhao M, Lee CK et al. (March 2004). "Comparative pharmacokinetics of weekly and every-three-weeks docetaxel". Clin. Cancer Res. 10 (6): 1976–83. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-0842-03. PMID 15041715. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
- ^ a b Guitton J, Cohen S, Tranchand B et al. (2005). "Quantification of docetaxel and its main metabolites in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry". Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 19 (17): 2419–26. doi:10.1002/rcm.2072. PMID 16059877. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
- ^ a b c d e f g Yvon AM, Wadsworth P, Jordan MA (April 1999). "Taxol Suppresses Dynamics of Individual Microtubules in Living Human Tumor Cells". Mol. Biol. Cell 10 (4): 947–59. doi:10.1091/mbc.10.4.947. PMC 25218. PMID 10198049.
- ^ Anonymous. Docetaxel: Clinical Pharmacology. RxList. http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/docetaxel_cp.htm (24 Sep 2006). Last modified 29 Jun 2006.
- ^ http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/en/pres/compress/mistpotier.html Pierre Potier, chemist, 1998 CNRS Gold Medalist.
- ^ http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4814470.PN.&OS=PN/4814470&RS=PN/4814470 Taxol derivatives, their preparation and pharmaceutical compositions containing them. Filed July 1987.
- ^ "FDA Orange Book Data". .
- ^ Vogel CL, Bellet RE,. "Use of docetaxel for treating cancers.". inventors; Aventis Pharma S.A., assignee. United States patent US20016333348. 2001 Dec 25.
- ^ http://www.haps.bham.ac.uk/publichealth/horizon/outputs/documents/2009/jan-apr/Cabazitaxel.pdf ref : National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Prostate cancer (hormone-refractory) — docetaxel: analysis of cost impact London: NICE; September 2006. http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/index.jsp?action=download&o=33354
External links
- Taxotere (manufacturer's prescribing information)
- Taxotere (manufacturer's website)
- Docetaxel and your nails (infographic)
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- International journal of pharmaceutics.Int J Pharm.2014 Jun 5;467(1-2):123-38. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.03.033. Epub 2014 Mar 28.
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Japanese Journal
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- Gastroenterology Research and Practice (2012), 963403, 2012
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Related Links
- BACK TO TOP 1. INDICATIONS AND USAGE 1.1 Breast Cancer TAXOTERE is indicated for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer after failure of prior chemotherapy. TAXOTERE in combination ...
- Generic Name: Docetaxel Drug Type: Taxotere is an anti-cancer ("antineoplastic" or "cytotoxic") chemotherapy drug. Taxotere is classified as a "plant alkaloid," a "taxane" and an "antimicrotubule agent." (For more detail ...
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「TXT」 |
| 関連記事 | 「Taxotere」 |