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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/19 15:44:33」(JST)
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| Synaptosome |
|
Schematic of isolated synaptosome with numerous small synaptic vesicles, two dense-core vesicles, one mitochondrion and a patch of postsynaptic membrane attached to the pressynaptic active zone
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| Details |
| Identifiers |
| Greek |
synapto-soma |
| MeSH |
Synaptosomes |
| Code |
TH H2.00.06.2.00033 |
| Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
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A synaptosome is an isolated synaptic terminal from a neuron. Synaptosomes are obtained by mild homogenization of nervous tissue under isotonic conditions and subsequent fractionation using differential and density gradient centrifugation. Liquid shear detaches the nerve terminals from the axon and the plasma membrane surrounding the nerve terminal particle reseals. Synaptosomes are osmotically sensitive, contain numerous small clear synaptic vesicles, sometimes larger dense-core vesicles and frequently one or more small mitochondria. They carry the morphological features and most of the chemical properties of the original nerve terminal. Synaptosomes isolated from mammalian brain often retain a piece of the attached postsynaptic membrane, facing the active zone.
Synaptosomes were first isolated in an attempt to identify the subcellular compartment corresponding to the fraction of so-called bound acetylcholine that remains when brain tissue is homogenized in iso-osmotic sucrose. Particles containing acetylcholine and its synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase were originally isolated by Hebb and Whittaker (1958)[1] at the Agricultural Research Council, Institute of Animal Physiology, Babraham, Cambridge, UK. In a collaborative study with the electron microscopist George Gray from University College London, Victor P. Whittaker eventually showed that the acetylcholine-rich particles derived from guinea-pig cerebral cortex were synaptic vesicle-rich pinched-off nerve terminals.[2][3] Whittaker coined the term synaptosome to describe these fractionation-derived particles and shortly thereafter synaptic vesicles could be isolated from lysed synaptosomes.[4][5]
Synaptosomes are commonly used to study synaptic transmission in the test tube because they contain the molecular machinery necessary for the uptake, storage, and release of neurotransmitters. In addition they have become a common tool for drug testing. They maintain a normal membrane potential, contain presynaptic receptors, translocate metabolites and ions, and when depolarized, release multiple neurotransmitters (including acetylcholine, amino acids, catecholamines, and peptides) in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Synaptosomes isolated from the whole brain or certain brain regions are also useful models for studying structure-function relationships in synaptic vesicle release.[6] Synaptosomes can also be isolated from tissues other than brain such as spinal cord, retina, myenteric plexus or the electric ray electric organ.[7][8] Synaptosomes may be used to isolate postsynaptic densities[9] or the presynaptic active zone with attached synaptic vesicles.[10] Accordingly, various subproteomes of isolated synaptosomes, such as synaptic vesicles, synaptic membranes, or postsynaptic densities can now be studied by proteomic techniques, leading to a deeper understanding of the molecular machinery of brain neurotransmission and neuroplasticity.[11][12][13][14]
References
- ^ Hebb CO, Whittaker VP (1958) Intracellular distributions of acetylcholine and choline acetylase. J Physiol 142:187-96.
- ^ Gray EG, Whittaker VP (1960). The isolation of synaptic vesicles from the central nervous system. J Physiol (London) 153: 35P-37P.
- ^ Gray EG, Whittaker VP (1962) The isolation of nerve endings from brain: an electron-microscopic study of cell fragments derived by homogenization and centrifugation. J Anat 96: 79-88.
- ^ Whittaker VP, Michaelson IA, Kirkland RJ (1964) The separation of synaptic vesicles from nerve-ending particles ('synaptosomes'). Biochem J 90:293-303.
- ^ Whittaker VP (1965) The application of subcellular fractionation techniques to the study of brain function. Progr Biophys Mol Biol 15, 38-96.
- ^ Ivannikov, M.; et al. (2013). "Synaptic vesicle exocytosis in hippocampal synaptosomes correlates directly with total mitochondrial volume". J. Mol. Neurosci. 49 (1): 223–230. doi:10.1007/s12031-012-9848-8. PMID 22772899.
- ^ Whittaker VP (1993) Thirty years of synaptosome research. J Neurocytol 22: 735-742.
- ^ Breukel AI, Besselsen E, Ghijsen WE (1997) Synaptosomes. A model system to study release of multiple classes of neurotransmitters. Methods Mol Biol 72:33-47.
- ^ Carlin RK, Grab DJ, Cohen RS, Siekevitz P (1980) Isolation and characterization of postsynaptic densities from various brain regions: enrichment of different types of postsynaptic densities. J Cell Biol 86:831-845.
- ^ Morciano M, Burré J, Corvey C, Karas M, Zimmermann H, Volknandt W (2005) Immunoisolation of two synaptic vesicle pools from synaptosomes: a proteomics analysis. J Neurochem 95:1732-1745.
- ^ Bai F, Witzmann FA (2007) Synaptosome Proteomics. Subcell Biochem 43:77–98.
- ^ Morciano M, Burré J, Corvey C, Karas M, Zimmermann H, Volknandt W (2005) Immunoisolation of two synaptic vesicle pools from synaptosomes: a proteomics analysis. J Neurochem 95:1732-1745.
- ^ Burré J, Beckhaus T, Schägger H, Corvey C, Hofmann S, Karas M, Zimmermann H, Volknandt W (2006) Analysis of the synaptic vesicle proteome using three gel-based protein separation techniques. Proteomics 6:6250-6262.
- ^ Takamori S, Holt M, Stenius K, Lemke EA, Grønborg M, Riedel D, Urlaub H, Schenck S, Brügger B, Ringler P, Müller SA, Rammner B, Gräter F, Hub JS, De Groot BL, Mieskes G, Moriyama Y, Klingauf J, Grubmüller H, Heuser J, Wieland F, Jahn R (2006) Molecular anatomy of a trafficking organelle. Cell 127:831-846.
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Dimebon, an antihistamine drug, inhibits glutamate release in rat cerebrocortical nerve terminals.
- Wang CC1, Kuo JR1, Wang SJ2.
- European journal of pharmacology.Eur J Pharmacol.2014 Jul 5;734:67-76. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.03.052. Epub 2014 Apr 12.
- The excessive release of glutamate is a critical element in the neuropathology of acute and chronic brain disorders. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect and possible mechanism of dimebon, an antihistamine with a neuroprotective profile, on endogenous glutamate release in t
- PMID 24726847
- The secretory deficit in islets from db/db mice is mainly due to a loss of responding beta cells.
- Do OH1, Low JT, Gaisano HY, Thorn P.
- Diabetologia.Diabetologia.2014 Jul;57(7):1400-9. doi: 10.1007/s00125-014-3226-8. Epub 2014 Apr 6.
- AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: We used the db/db mouse to determine the nature of the secretory defect in intact islets.METHODS: Glucose tolerance was compared in db/db and wild-type (WT) mice. Isolated islets were used: to measure insulin secretion and calcium in a two-photon assay of single-insulin-granule fusi
- PMID 24705605
- Zinc finger protein 804A (ZNF804A) and verbal deficits in individuals with autism.
- Anitha A1, Thanseem I2, Nakamura K3, Vasu MM2, Yamada K4, Ueki T5, Iwayama Y4, Toyota T4, Tsuchiya KJ1, Iwata Y2, Suzuki K2, Sugiyama T6, Tsujii M7, Yoshikawa T4, Mori N8.
- Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience : JPN.J Psychiatry Neurosci.2014 Jul 1;39(4):130126. doi: 10.1503/jpn.130126. [Epub ahead of print]
- BACKGROUND: In a genome-wide association study of autism, zinc finger protein 804A (ZNF804A) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found to be nominally associated in verbally deficient individuals with autism. Zinc finger protein 804A copy number variations (CNVs) have also been observed in i
- PMID 24866414
Japanese Journal
- Improvement of Depression-Like Behavior and Memory Impairment with the Ethanol Extract of Pleurotus eryngii in Ovariectomized Rats
- Ca2+-independent syntaxin binding to the C2B effector region of synaptotagmin
- A Single Amino Acid Mutation in SNAP-25 Induces Anxiety-Related Behavior in Mouse
Related Links
- Homogenize brain tissue. Add 5 ml of 0.32 M sucrose. Homogenize with 12 strokes of a 19x84mm tissue grinder (Potter Elvehjem, plastic coated) at 800 rpm. Centrifuge to remove large debris. Centrifuge for 10 min at 1000 g at RT.
- (redirected from synaptosomal) Also found in: Dictionary/thesaurus, Wikipedia 0.01 sec. synaptosome /syn·ap·to·some/ (sin-ap´to-sōm ″) any of the membrane-bound sacs that break away from axon terminals at a synapse after ...
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シナプトソーム関連タンパク質25
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