WordNet
- any agent that causes stress to an organism
- to stress, single out as important; "Dr. Jones emphasizes exercise in addition to a change in diet" (同)emphasize, emphasise, punctuate, accent, accentuate
- special emphasis attached to something; "the stress was more on accuracy than on speed" (同)focus
- difficulty that causes worry or emotional tension; "she endured the stresses and strains of life"; "he presided over the economy during the period of the greatest stress and danger"- R.J.Samuelson (同)strain
- (physics) force that produces strain on a physical body; "the intensity of stress is expressed in units of force divided by units of area"
- the relative prominence of a syllable or musical note (especially with regard to stress or pitch); "he put the stress on the wrong syllable" (同)emphasis, accent
- put stress on; utter with an accent; "In Farsi, you accent the last syllable of each word" (同)accent, accentuate
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 〈U〉〈C〉(精神的・感情的な)『緊張』,ストレス / 〈U〉(…に対する)『強調』,力説《+on+名》 / 〈C〉〈U〉『強勢』,アクセント / 〈U〉(一般に)『圧迫』,圧力 / …‘を'『強調する』,力説する / 〈音節・語〉‘に'強勢(アクセント)を置く / 《まれ》(に)圧力をかける
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A stressor is a chemical or biological agent, environmental condition, external stimulus or an event that causes stress to an organism.[1]
An event that triggers the stress response may include:
- environmental stressors (elevated sound levels, over-illumination, overcrowding)
- daily stress events (e.g., traffic, lost keys, quality and quantity of physical activity)
- life changes (e.g., divorce, bereavement)
- workplace stressors (e.g., high job demand vs. low job control, repeated or sustained exertions, forceful exertions, extreme postures)
- chemical stressors (e.g., tobacco, alcohol, drugs )
- social stressor (e.g., societal and family demands)
Stressors have physical, chemical and mental responses inside of the body. Physical stressors produce mechanical stresses on skin, bones, ligaments, tendons, muscles and nerves that cause tissue deformation and in extreme cases tissue failure. Chemical stresses also produce biomechanical responses associated with metabolism and tissue repair. Physical stressors may produce pain and impair work performance. Chronic pain and impairment requiring medical attention may result from extreme physical stressors or if there is not sufficient recovery time between successive exposures.[2][3]
Stressors may also affect mental function and performance. One possible mechanism involves stimulation of the hypothalamus, crf (corticotropin release factor) -> pituitary gland releases "ACTH" (adrenocorticotropic hormone) ->adrenal cortex secretes various stress hormones (e.g., cortisol) ->stress hormones (30 varieties) travel in the blood stream to relevant organs, e.g., glands, heart, intestines. ->flight-or-fight response. Between this flow there is an alternate path that can be taken after the stressor is transferred to the hypothalamus, which leads to the sympathetic nervous system. After which, the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine.[4] Mental and social stressors may affect behavior and how individuals respond to physical and chemical stressors.
See also
References
- ^ Sato, Tadatoshi; Yamamoto, Hironori; Sawada, Naoki; Nashiki, Kunitaka; Tsuji, Mitsuyoshi; Muto, Kazusa; Kume, Hisae; Sasaki, Hajime; Arai, Hidekazu; Nikawa, Takeshi; Taketani, Yutaka; Takeda, Eiji (October 2006). "Restraint stress alters the duodenal expression of genes important for lipid metabolism in rat". Toxicology 227 (3): 248–261. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2006.08.009.
- ^ National Research Council (2001). Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Workplace: Low Back and Upper Extremities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. National Academey Press. p. 512. ISBN 0-309-07284-0.
- ^ National Research Council (199). Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders: Report, Workshop Summary, and Workshop Papers. National Academy Press. p. 240. ISBN 0-309-06397-3.
- ^ "What is Stress?". S-Cool.
Further reading
- National Research Council. Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders: Report, Workshop Summary, and Workshop Papers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1999.
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Estrous cycle stage influences on neuronal responsiveness to repeated anxiogenic stress in female rats.
- Devall AJ, Santos JM, Lovick TA.SourceSchool of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
- Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2011 Nov 20;225(1):334-40. Epub 2011 Jul 28.
- Experiments were carried out to investigate (i) whether estrous cycle stage influences nociceptive responsiveness to anxiogenic stress and (ii) whether prior experience of the stressor modifies the response. Exposure to mild anxiogenic vibration stress evoked hyperalgesia, reflected by a decrease in
- PMID 21821064
- Effects of predictable and unpredictable food restriction on the stress response in molting and non-molting European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris).
- Bauer CM, Glassman LW, Cyr NE, Romero LM.AbstractThis study tested whether an ethologically relevant stressor, a three-week period of food restriction where food was unavailable for four hours a day, caused chronic stress in molting and non-molting captive European starlings. Although all birds increased weight during the Food Restriction period, only non-molting birds increased food intake. Morning baseline heart rates increased during the Food Restriction period and all birds showed a decrease in heart rate when food was absent from the cage. In non-molting birds, there were no differences in either baseline or stress-induced corticosterone (CORT) concentrations, whereas molting birds showed attenuated baseline CORT, stress-induced CORT, and fecal glucocorticoid metabolite levels over the Food Restriction period. Although several parameters, such as increased morning heart rate, are consistent with chronic stress, the majority of these data suggest that restricting food availability is not chronically stressful. Furthermore, making the timing of food removal less predictable by randomizing when food was removed during the day did not enhance any of the above responses, but did alter the frequency of maintenance and feeding behaviors. In conclusion, starlings appear resistant to developing symptoms of chronic stress from repeated food restriction.
- Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology.Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol.2011 Nov;160(3):390-9. Epub 2011 Jul 23.
- This study tested whether an ethologically relevant stressor, a three-week period of food restriction where food was unavailable for four hours a day, caused chronic stress in molting and non-molting captive European starlings. Although all birds increased weight during the Food Restriction period,
- PMID 21801846
Japanese Journal
- 大学生運動部員のスポーツ環境ストレッサーに関する研究 : 尺度作成及び心理的競技能力との関連性の検討
- Depression-related anhedonic behaviors caused by immobilization stress : a comparison with nicotine-induced depression-like behavioral alterations and effects of nicotine and/or "antidepressant" drugs
- HAYASE Tamaki
- Journal of toxicological sciences 36(1), 31-41, 2011-02-01
- … In the present study, considering that repeated nicotine (NC) also causes “depressive” symptoms, the depression-related anhedonic behavioral alterations caused by a typical depression-inducing stressor, immobilization stress (IM), combined with or without NC administration, were examined in mice and compared with the depression-like behavioral alterations caused by NC. …
- NAID 10027420295
Related Links
- Stressor is a chemical or biological agent, environmental condition, an external stimulus or an event that causes stress to an organism. An event that triggers the stress response may include for example: environmental stressors (elevated ...
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 英
- stressor
- 関
- ストレス要因、ストレッサー
-stressor
[★]
- 英
- stressor
- 関
- 侵襲要因、ストレッサー
[★]
- 関
- accent、accentuate、accentuation、emphasis、emphasize、highlight、power point、strain、tone、tonus、underscore