"Maxillofacial disorder" redirects here. For the surgery, see Maxillofacial surgery. For certain abnormalities of the face and/or cranium, see Craniofacial abnormality.
| Mouth disease |
| Classification and external resources |
| ICD-10 |
K00-K14 |
| ICD-9 |
520-529 |
| MeSH |
D009057 |
Stomatognathic disease or mouth disease refers to the diseases of the mouth ("stoma") and jaw [1] ("gnath"). The etymology is similar to that of the term Gnathostomata. It is the term used by MeSH (along with the synonym dental diseases), but other organizations use different terms.
The mouth is an important organ with many different functions. It is also prone to a variety of medical and dental disorders.[2]
The clinical evaluation and diagnosis of oral mucosal diseases are in the scope of oral & maxillofacial pathology specialists and oral medicine practitioners,[3] both disciplines of dentistry. When a microscopic evaluation is needed, a biopsy is taken, and microscopically observed by a pathologist. The American Dental Association uses the term oral and maxillofacial pathology, and describes it as "the specialty of dentistry and pathology which deals with the nature, identification, and management of diseases affecting the oral and maxillofacial regions. It is a science that investigates the causes, processes and effects of these diseases."[4]
The World Health Organization uses the term "Diseases of oral cavity, salivary glands and jaws."[5]
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Contents
- 1 Salivary gland diseases
- 2 Bad breath
- 3 Canker sores
- 4 Fungus infections
- 5 Herpes
- 6 Burning mouth
- 7 Geographic tongue and migratory stomatitis
- 8 Cancers
- 9 References
- 10 External links
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Salivary gland diseases
There are both major and minor salivary gland in the mouth which secrete saliva and a variety of enzymes to help process foods and make swallowing easy. These salivary glands can get infected or inflamed and can also be very painful; sometimes the salivary glands also develop benign and malignant cancers.[6] However, the most common problem with salivary gland is formation of stones in the small ducts which prevent free flowing of saliva. The gland swells as they cannot empty and often get infected. While most stones in the duct may resolve, sometimes surgery and antibiotics are required.
Mumps
Mumps of the salivary glands is a viral infection of the parotid glands. This results in painful swelling at the sides of the mouth in both adults and children. The infection is quite contagious. Today mumps is prevented by getting vaccinated in infancy. There is no specific treatment for mumps except for hydration and painkillers. Sometimes mumps can cause inflammation of the brain, testicular swelling or hearing loss.[7]
Bad breath
Bad breath (halitosis) has many causes including smoking, alcohol, poor care of dentures, gum disease, chronic lung disease, breathing through the mouth, sinusitis, liver disease, diabetes, pregnancy, not brushing or flossing on a regular basis. Medications that cause dryness in the mouth can also cause bad breath. These include antidepressants, anti histamines and antipsychotics. The best way to prevent bad breath is to brush teeth frequently, clean the tongue, keep the nose and sinus clean and drink adequate water. [8]
Canker sores
Canker sores are small ulcers that appear on the inside of the mouth, lips and on tongue. Most small canker sores disappear within 10–14 days. Canker sores are most common in young and middle aged individuals. Sometimes individuals with allergies are more prone to these sores. Besides an awkward sensation, these sores can also cause tingling or a burning sensation. Unlike herpes sores, canker sores are always found inside the mouth and are usually less painful.[citation needed] Good oral hygiene does help but sometime one may have to use a topical corticosteroid.[9]
Fungus infections
Main article: Oral candidiasis
Candida is a very common infection of the mouth in immunocompromised individuals. Individuals who have undergone a transplant, HIV, cancer or use corticosteroids commonly develop candida of the mouth and oral cavity. Other risk factors are dentures and tongue piercing.[10] The typical signs are a white patch that may be associated with burning, soreness, irritation or a white cheesy like appearance. Once the diagnosis is made, candida can be treated with a variety of anti fungal drugs.[11]
Herpes
Main article: Herpes simplex
Another very common disorder of the oral cavity is herpes simplex infection (HSV). This virus causes blisters and sores around the mouth and lips. HSV infections are not only annoying but also painful and may keep on recurring. Although many people get infected with the virus, only 10% actually develop the sores. The sores may last anywhere from 3–10 days and are very infectious. Some people have recurrences either in the same location or at a nearby site. Unless the individual has an impaired immune system, e.g., owing to HIV or cancer-related immune suppression,[12] recurrent infections tend to be mild in nature and may be brought on by stress, sun, menstrual periods, trauma or physical stress.[13]
Burning mouth
Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a very painful annoying disorder that causes a sensation of burning on the lips, tongue, mouth and gums. The disorder can affect anyone but tends to occur most often in middle aged women. BMS has been linked to a variety of dental and medical disorders like menopause, dry mouth and allergies. Some individual develop one episode of BMS and others develop recurrent episodes which last months or years. Other features of this distressing disorder include anxiety, depression and social isolation. There is no cure for this disorder and treatment includes use of hydrating agents, pain medications, vitamin supplements or the usage of antidepressants.[14]
Geographic tongue and migratory stomatitis
Main article: Geographic tongue
The migratory stomatitis condition involves the tongue and other oral mucosa. The common migratory glossitis (geographic tongue) affects the anterior two thirds of the dorsal and lateral tongue mucosa of 1% to 2.5% of the population, with one report of up to 12.7% of the population. The tongue is often fissured, especially. in elderly individuals. In the American population, a lower prevalence was reported among Mexican Americans (compared with Caucasians and African Americans) and cigarette smokers. When other oral mucosa, beside the dorsal and lateral tongue, are involved, the term migratory stomatitis (or ectopic geographic tongue) is preferred. In this condition, lesions infrequently involve also the ventral tongue and buccal or labial mucosa. They are rarely reported on the soft palate and floor of the mouth.[15]
Cancers
Main article: Oral cancer
Oral cancer may occur on the lips, tongue, gums, floor of the mouth or inside the cheeks. The majority of cancers of the mouth are squamous cell carcinoma. Oral cancers are usually painless in the initial stages or may appear like an ulcer. Causes of oral cancer include smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, exposure to sunlight (lip cancer), chewing tobacco, infection with human papillomavirus, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.[16] The earlier the oral cancer is diagnosed, the better the chances for full recovery. If you have a suspicious mass or ulcer on the mouth which has been persistent, then you should always get a dentist to look at it. Diagnosis is usually made with a biopsy and the treatment depends on the exact type of cancer, where it is situated, and extent of spreading.
References
- ^ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/gnath(o)-
- ^ Mouth Disease Information Retrieved on 2010-02-01
- ^ Zadik, Yehuda; Orbach Hadas; Panzok Amy; Smith Yoav; Czerninski Rakefet (2011). "Evaluation of oral mucosal diseases: inter- and intra-observer analyses". J Oral Pathol Med 41 (1): 68–72. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0714.2011.01070.x. PMID 21883487. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0714.2011.01070.x/abstract. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
- ^ "ADA.org: Dentistry Definitions". http://www.ada.org/prof/ed/specialties/definitions.asp#definition.
- ^ "ICD-10:". http://www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/?gk00.htm+k00.
- ^ Recognizing Oral Disease World Small Animal Veterinary Association. Retrieved on 2010-02-01
- ^ What are Mumps Ministry of health and long term care portal. Retrieved on 2010-02-01
- ^ Oral Health from A to Z American Dental Association. Retrieved on 2010-02-01
- ^ Diseases of the Digestive System The oral cavity FAQ's Health Portal. Retrieved on 2010-02-01
- ^ Zadik Yehuda, Burnstein Saar, Derazne Estella, Sandler Vadim, Ianculovici Clariel, Halperin Tamar (March 2010). "Colonization of Candida: prevalence among tongue-pierced and non-pierced immunocompetent adults". Oral Dis 16 (2): 172–5. doi:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2009.01618.x. PMID 19732353.
- ^ Women's Oral Health and Overall Health Colgate online portal. Retrieved on 2010-02-01
- ^ Elad S, Zadik Y, Hewson I, et al. (August 2010). "A systematic review of viral infections associated with oral involvement in cancer patients: a spotlight on Herpesviridea". Support Care Cancer 18 (8): 993–1006. doi:10.1007/s00520-010-0900-3. PMID 20544224. http://www.springerlink.com/content/g476114717852h80/.
- ^ Herpes Guide: How do I know if I have herpes Canadian Herpes Information portal. Retrieved on 2010-02-01
- ^ Burning Mouth Syndrome American Academy of Family Physicians. Retrieved on 2010-02-01
- ^ Zadik Y, Drucker S, Pallmon S (Aug 2011). "Migratory stomatitis (ectopic geographic tongue) on the floor of the mouth". J Am Acad Dermatol 65 (2): 459–60. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2010.04.016. PMID 21763590. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190962210004883.
- ^ Elad S, Zadik Y, Zeevi I, et al. (December 2010). "Oral cancer in patients after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: long-term follow-up suggests an increased risk for recurrence". Transplantation 90 (11): 1243–4. doi:10.1097/TP.0b013e3181f9caaa. PMID 21119507.
External links
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Medicine portal |
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Dentistry portal |
- The International Journal of Dental Anthropology - IJDA
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Pathology: Medical conditions and ICD code
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(Disease / Disorder / Syndrome / Sequence, Symptom / Sign, Injury, etc.)
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| (A/B, 001–139) |
Infectious disease/Infection: Bacterial disease (G+, G-) · Virus disease · Parasitic disease (Protozoan infection, Helminthiasis, Ectoparasitic infestation) · Mycosis · Zoonosis
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(C/D,
140–239 &
279–289) |
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Cancer (C00–D48, 140–239)
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Tumor
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Myeloid hematologic (D50–D77, 280–289)
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Anemia · Coagulopathy
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Lymphoid immune (D80–D89, 279)
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Immunodeficiency · Immunoproliferative disorder · Hypersensitivity
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| (E, 240–278) |
Endocrine disease · Nutrition disorder · Inborn error of metabolism
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| (F, 290–319) |
Mental disorder
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| (G, 320–359) |
Nervous system disease (CNS, PNS) · Neuromuscular disease
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| (H, 360–389) |
Eye disease · Ear disease
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| (I, 390–459) |
Cardiovascular disease (Heart disease, Vascular disease)
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| (J, 460–519) |
Respiratory disease (Obstructive lung disease, Restrictive lung disease, Pneumonia)
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| (K, 520–579) |
Stomatognathic disease (Tooth disease) · Digestive disease (Esophageal, Stomach, Enteropathy, Liver, Pancreatic)
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| (L, 680–709) |
Skin disease · skin appendages (Nail disease, Hair disease, Sweat gland disease)
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| (M, 710–739) |
Musculoskeletal disorders: Myopathy · Arthropathy · Osteochondropathy (Osteopathy, Chondropathy)
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| (N, 580–629) |
Urologic disease (Nephropathy, Urinary bladder disease) · Male genital disease · Breast disease · Female genital disease
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| (O, 630–679) |
Complications of pregnancy · Obstetric labor complication · Puerperal disorder
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| (P, 760–779) |
Fetal disease
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| (Q, 740–759) |
Congenital disorder (Congenital abnormality)
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| (R, 780–799) |
Syndromes · Medical signs (Eponymous)
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| (S/T, 800–999) |
Bone fracture · Joint dislocation · Sprain · Strain · Subluxation · Head injury · Chest trauma · Poisoning
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Developmental tooth disease/tooth abnormality (K00–K01, 520)
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| Quantity |
- Anodontia/Hypodontia
- Hyperdontia
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Abnormalities of
size and form |
- Concrescence
- Fusion
- Gemination
- Dens evaginatus/Talon cusp
- Dens invaginatus
- Enamel pearl
- Macrodontia
- Microdontia
- Taurodontism
- Supernumerary roots
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Disturbances in
formation |
- Dilaceration
- Regional odontodysplasia
- Turner's hypoplasia
- Enamel hypoplasia
- Ectopic enamel
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Other hereditary disturbances
in structure |
- Amelogenesis imperfecta
- Dentinogenesis imperfecta
- Dentin dysplasia
- Regional odontodysplasia
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| Other |
- Dental fluorosis
- Tooth impaction
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noco/cong/jaws/tumr, epon, injr
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dent, proc (endo, orth, pros)
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Oral pathology: Stomatognathic disease (K06, K11–K14, 523, 527–529)
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| Vestibule of mouth |
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Lips
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Cheilitis (Angular, Actinic) · Herpes labialis · Plasma cell cheilitis · Cheilitis granulomatosa · Chapped lips
Cheilitis exfoliativa · Cheilitis glandularis · Allergic contact cheilitis
Drug-induced ulcer of the lip · Epidermization of the lip
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Buccal mucosa
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Morsicatio buccarum
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| Oral cavity proper |
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Hard, soft,
and periapical tissues
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gingival disease: Gingivitis (Desquamative gingivitis), Pericoronitis, Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, Noma, Epulis · Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
Periodontitis · Osteoradionecrosis
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| Salivary glands |
Sialadenitis (Parotitis) · Benign lymphoepithelial lesion · Necrotizing sialometaplasia · Ranula · Sialolithiasis · Mucous cyst of the oral mucosa
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| Tongue |
Glossitis (Geographic tongue) · Fissured tongue · burning mouth syndrome · Black hairy tongue · Strawberry tongue · Caviar tongue · Median rhomboid glossitis · Osseous choristoma of the tongue · Smooth tongue
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| General |
Stomatitis: Aphthous ulcer · Gingivostomatitis
Velopharyngeal inadequacy
oral mucosa: Erythroplakia · Leukoplakia (Hairy leukoplakia) · Leukoedema · Ulcer · White sponge nevus
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To be grouped
from derm |
Acquired dyskeratotic leukoplakia · Angina bullosa haemorrhagica · Behçet syndrome · Cutaneous sinus of dental origin · Cyclic neutropenia · Epulis fissuratum · Eruptive lingual papillitis · Melanocytic oral lesion · Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome · Mucosal lichen planus · Oral Crohn's disease · Oral florid papillomatosis · Oral melanosis · Plasmoacanthoma · Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia · Pyogenic granuloma · Pyostomatitis vegetans · Recurrent intraoral herpes simplex infection · Stomatitis nicotina · Trumpeter's wart · Vestibular papillomatosis
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noco/cofa (c)/cogi/tumr, sysi
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Dentistry
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Recognized specialties
(in the United States) |
- Endodontics
- oral and maxillofacial pathology
- Oral and maxillofacial radiology
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery
- Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics
- Pediatric dentistry
- Periodontics
- Prosthodontics
- Dental public health
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Fields that are not recognized specialties
(in the United States) |
- Cosmetic dentistry
- Dental Implantology
- Temporomandibular joint disorder
- Geriatric dentistry
- Restorative dentistry
- Forensic odontology
- Dental traumatology
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| Dental surgery |
- Dental extraction
- Tooth filling
- Root canal therapy
- Root end surgery
- Scaling and root planing
- Teeth cleaning
- Dental bonding
- Tooth polishing
- Tooth bleaching
- Dental implant
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| See also |
- Index of oral health and dental articles
- Outline of dentistry and oral health
- Oral hygiene
- Dental instruments
- Restorative materials
- Infant oral mutilation
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noco/cong/jaws/tumr, epon, injr
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dent, proc (endo, orth, pros)
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