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WordNet

put an end to; "The terrible news ended our hopes that he had survived"
a final state; "he came to a bad end"; "the so-called glorious experiment came to an inglorious end" (同)destruction, death
the point in time at which something ends; "the end of the year"; "the ending of warranty period" (同)ending
bring to an end or halt; "She ended their friendship when she found out that he had once been convicted of a crime"; "The attack on Poland terminated the relatively peaceful period after WW I" (同)terminate
a piece of cloth that is left over after the rest has been used or sold (同)remainder, remnant, oddment
(American football) a position on the line of scrimmage; "no one wanted to play end"
the part you are expected to play; "he held up his end"
the concluding parts of an event or occurrence; "the end was exciting"; "I had to miss the last of the movie" (同)last, final_stage
either extremity of something that has length; "the end of the pier"; "she knotted the end of the thread"; "they rode to the end of the line"; "the terminals of the anterior arches of the fornix" (同)terminal
(football) the person who plays at one end of the line of scrimmage; "the end managed to hold onto the pass"
a boundary marking the extremities of something; "the end of town"
a final part or section; "we have given it at the end of the section since it involves the calculus"; "Start at the beginning and go on until you come to the end"
one of two places from which people are communicating to each other; "the phone rang at the other end"; "both ends wrote at the same time"
the surface at either extremity of a three-dimensional object; "one end of the box was marked `This side up"
have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense; either spatial or metaphorical; "the bronchioles terminate in a capillary bed"; "Your rights stop where you infringe upon the rights of other"; "My property ends by the bushes"; "The symphony ends in a pianissimo" (同)stop, finish, terminate, cease
be the end of; be the last or concluding part of; "This sad scene ended the movie" (同)terminate
pierce with a thrust using a pointed instrument; "he stuck the cloth with the needle"
a small thin branch of a tree
a lever used by a pilot to control the ailerons and elevators of an airplane (同)control_stick, joystick
a long implement (usually made of wood) that is shaped so that hockey or polo players can hit a puck or ball
a long thin implement resembling a length of wood; "cinnamon sticks"; "a stick of dynamite"
an implement consisting of a length of wood; "he collected dry sticks for a campfire"; "the kid had a candied apple on a stick"
threat of a penalty; "the policy so far is all stick and no carrot"
a rectangular quarter pound block of butter or margarine
saddle with something disagreeable or disadvantageous; "They stuck me with the dinner bill"; "I was stung with a huge tax bill" (同)sting
be or become fixed; "The door sticks--we will have to plane it"
cover and decorate with objects that pierce the surface; "stick some feathers in the turkey before you serve it"
endure; "The label stuck to her for the rest of her life"
fasten into place by fixing an end or point into something; "stick the corner of the sheet under the mattress"
fasten with an adhesive material like glue; "stick the poster onto the wall"
fasten with or as with pins or nails; "stick the photo onto the corkboard"
pierce or penetrate or puncture with something pointed; "He stuck the needle into his finger"
event whose occurrence ends something; "his death marked the ending of an era"; "when these final episodes are broadcast it will be the finish of the show" (同)conclusion, finish
the end of a word (a suffix or inflectional ending or final morpheme); "I dont like words that have -ism as an ending" (同)termination
moist as with undried perspiration and with clothing sticking to the body; "felt sticky and chilly at the same time"
covered with an adhesive material
the base of the natural system of logarithms; approximately equal to 2.718282...

PrepTutorEJDIC

(細いものの)『端』,先端《+『of』+『名』》 / (物語などの)『終り』,終結部《+『of』+『名』》 / (物事・期間の)『最後』《+『of』+『名』》;(…に)結末をつけるもの《+『to』+『名』》 / (…の)端の部分,末端部《『of』+『名』》 / 《しばしば複数形で》『目的』(purpose),目標(aim) / 《遠回しに》死,滅亡 / 《しばしば複数形で》切れ端,くず,残りもの / (事業などの)部門(part) / (フットボールで)エンド)前衛両端の選手または位置) / …‘を'『終わらせる』,終える / 〈物事が〉…‘の'終りとなる,‘を'締めくくる / 『終わる』,終了する(come to an end)
(とがったもので)…‘を'『刺す』,突く《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / (…に)〈とがったもの〉‘を'『突き刺す』,突き立てる《+『名』+『in』(『into, through』)+『名』》 / (…で…に)…‘を'『刺して留める』,刺す《+『名』+『on』+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / (のりなどで…に)…‘を'『はる』,くっける《+『名』+『on』+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / 《話》(…に)…‘を'置く,すえる(put)《+『名』+『on』(『in』)+『名』》 / 《受動態で》〈人・車など〉‘を'『動けなくする』,〈仕事など〉‘を'行き詰まらせる / 《話》〈人〉‘を'困惑させる;〈人〉‘を'だます,‘に'たかる / (…に)『突す刺さる』,刺さっている《+『in』+『名』》 / 『くっついて離れない』,はりつく / 動かなくなる,立往生する
『棒』,棒きれ,枝 / (歩行用)『スデッキ』,つえ,警棒 / 棒状(の…)《+『of』+『名』》 / (ホッケーなどで用いる)スティック / (またcontrol stick)(飛行機の)操縦かん / 《話》でくの棒 / 《話》処罰,せっかん / 《複数形で》《the~》《米話》都会から離れた所,へき地.田写
厳しい処罰,おきゅう
終り,終了;(物語・映画などの)結末 / (文の)語尾
ねばねばした / 接着剤のついた / (天候が)蒸し暑い / 《話》(物が)扱いにくい,(人が)気むずかしい

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/13 17:04:05」(JST)

wiki en

DNA end or sticky end refers to the properties of the end of a molecule of DNA or a recombinant DNA molecule. The concept is important in molecular biology, especially in cloning or when subcloning inserts DNA into vector DNA. All the terms can also be used in reference to RNA. The sticky ends or cohesive ends form base pairs. Any two complementary cohesive ends can anneal, even those from two different organisms. This bondage is temporary, however, and DNA ligase will eventually form a covalent bond between the sugar-phosphate residue of adjacent nucleotides to join the two molecules together.

Single-stranded DNA molecules

A single-stranded non-circular DNA molecule has two non-identical ends, the 3' end and the 5' end (usually pronounced "three prime end" and "five prime end"). The numbers refer to the numbering of carbon atoms in the deoxyribose, which is a sugar forming an important part of the backbone of the DNA molecule. In the backbone of DNA the 5' carbon of one deoxyribose is linked to the 3' carbon of another by a phosphate group. The 5' carbon of this deoxyribose is again linked to the 3' carbon of the next, and so forth.

Variations in double-stranded molecules

When a molecule of DNA is double stranded, as DNA usually is, the two strands run in opposite directions. Therefore, one end of the molecule will have the 3' end of strand 1 and the 5' end of strand 2, and vice versa in the other end. However, the fact that the molecule is two stranded allows numerous different variations.

Blunt ends

The simplest DNA end of a double stranded molecule is called a blunt end. In a blunt-ended molecule both strands terminate in a base pair. Blunt ends are not always desired in biotechnology since when using a DNA ligase to join two molecules into one, the yield is significantly lower with blunt ends. When performing subcloning, it also has the disadvantage of potentially inserting the insert DNA in the opposite orientation desired. On the other hand, blunt ends are always compatible with each other. Here is an example of a small piece of blunt-ended DNA:

5'-CTGATCTGACTGATGCGTATGCTAGT-3'
3'-GACTAGACTGACTACGCATACGATCA-5'

Overhangs and sticky ends

Non-blunt ends are created by various overhangs. An overhang is a stretch of unpaired nucleotides in the end of a DNA molecule. These unpaired nucleotides can be in either strand, creating either 3' or 5' overhangs. These overhangs are in most cases palindromic.

The simplest case of an overhang is a single nucleotide. This is most often adenosine and is created as a 3' overhang by some DNA polymerases. Most commonly this is used in cloning PCR products created by such an enzyme. The product is joined with a linear DNA molecule with 3' thymine overhangs. Since adenine and thymine form a base pair, this facilitates the joining of the two molecules by a ligase, yielding a circular molecule. Here is an example of an A-overhang:

5'-ATCTGACTA-3'
3'-TAGACTGA-5'

Longer overhangs are called cohesive ends or sticky ends. They are most often created by restriction endonucleases when they cut DNA. Very often they cut the two DNA strands four base pairs from each other, creating a four-base 5' overhang in one molecule and a complementary 5' overhang in the other. These ends are called cohesive since they are easily joined back together by a ligase. Also, since different restriction endonucleases usually create different overhangs, it is possible to cut a piece of DNA with two different enzymes and then join it with another DNA molecule with ends created by the same enzymes. Since the overhangs have to be complementary in order for the ligase to work, the two molecules can only join in one orientation. This is often highly desirable in molecular biology.

For example, these two "sticky" ends are compatible:

5'-ATCTGACT      + GATGCGTATGCT-3'
3'-TAGACTGACTACG        CATACGA-5'

They can form complementary base pairs in the overhang region:

           GATGCGTATGCT-3'
5'-ATCTGACT     CATACGA-5'
3'-TAGACTGACTACG

Frayed ends

Across from each single strand of DNA, we typically see adenine pair with thymine, and cytosine pair with guanine to form a parallel complementary strand as described below. Two nucleotide sequences which correspond to each other in this manner are referred to as complementary:

5'-ATCTGACT-3'
3'-TAGACTGA-5'

A frayed end refers to a region of a double stranded (or other multi-stranded) DNA molecule near the end with a significant proportion of non-complementary sequences; that is, a sequence where nucleotides on the adjacent strands do not match up correctly:

5'-ATCTGACTAGGCA-3'
3'-TAGACTGACTACG-5'

The term "frayed" is used because the incorrectly matched nucleotides tend to avoid bonding, thus appearing similar to the strands in a fraying piece of rope.

Although non-complementary sequences are also possible in the middle of double stranded DNA, mismatched regions away from the ends are not referred to as "frayed".

Discovery

Ronald W. Davis first discovered sticky ends as the product of the action of EcoRI, the restriction endonuclease.^[1]

Strength

Sticky end links are different in their stability. Free energy of formation can be measured to estimate stability. Free energy approximations can be made for different sequences from data related to oligonucleotide UV thermal denaturation curves.^[2] Also predictions from molecular dynamics simulations show that some sticky end links are much stronger in stretch than the others.^[3]

References

Sambrook, Joseph; David Russell (2001). Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

^ The Gruber Foundation Homepage | The Gruber Foundation
^ John SantaLucia Jr. (1997). "A unified view of polymer, dumbbell, and oligonucleotide DNA nearest-neighbor thermodynamics". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 95 (4): 1460–1465. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.4.1460. PMC 19045. PMID 9465037.
^ Ehsan Ban and Catalin R Picu (2014). "Strength of DNA Sticky End Links". Biomacromolecules 15 (1): 143–149. doi:10.1021/bm401425k. PMID 24328228.

UpToDate Contents

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