staphylococcal food poisoning

ブドウ球菌食中毒、ブドウ球菌性食中毒

WordNet

1. any substance that can be metabolized by an animal to give energy and build tissue (同)nutrient
2. anything that provides mental stimulus for thinking (同)food for thought, intellectual nourishment
3. any solid substance (as opposed to liquid) that is used as a source of nourishment; "food and drink" (同)solid food
4. the physiological state produced by a poison or other toxic substance (同)toxic condition, intoxication
5. the act of giving poison to a person or animal with the intent to kill
6. of or relating to the staphylococcus bacteria; "a staphylococcal infection"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈U〉『食物』,栄養物 / 〈U〉(飲み物に対して)食べ物 / 〈C〉(特定の種類の)固形食品 / 〈U〉(動植物に)栄養を余えるもの / 〈U〉《比喩(ひゆ)的に》(心・精神の活動を刺激・奨励する)糧(かて);(思考・反省などの)資料

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/03 13:05:34」(JST)

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Not to be confused with Streptococcus.

Staphylococcus
SEM micrograph of S. aureus colonies; note the grape-like clustering common to Staphylococcus species.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Firmicutes
Class:	Bacilli
Order:	Bacillales
Family:	Staphylococcaceae
Genus:	Staphylococcus Rosenbach 1884
Species
S. arlettae S. agnetis S. aureus S. auricularis S. capitis S. caprae S. carnosus S. caseolyticus S. chromogenes S. cohnii S. condimenti S. delphini S. devriesei S. epidermidis S. equorum S. felis S. fleurettii S. gallinarum S. haemolyticus S. hominis S. hyicus S. intermedius S. kloosii S. leei S. lentus S. lugdunensis S. lutrae S. massiliensis S. microti S. muscae S. nepalensis S. pasteuri S. pettenkoferi S. piscifermentans S. pseudintermedius S. pseudolugdunensis S. pulvereri S. rostri S. saccharolyticus S. saprophyticus S. schleiferi S. sciuri S. simiae S. simulans S. stepanovicii S. succinus S. vitulinus S. warneri S. xylosus

Staphylococcus (from the Greek: σταφυλή, staphylē, "grape" and κόκκος, kókkos, "granule") is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria. Under the microscope, they appear round (cocci), and form in grape-like clusters.

The Staphylococcus genus includes at least 40 species. Of these, nine have two subspecies and one has three subspecies. Most are harmless and reside normally on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other organisms. Found worldwide, they are a small component of soil microbial flora.

Taxonomy

The taxonomy is based on 16s rRNA sequences, and most of the staphylococcal species fall into 11 clusters:

1. S. aureus group – S. aureus, S. simiae
2. S. auricularis group – S. auricularis
3. S. carnosus group – S. carnosus, S. condimenti, S. massiliensis, S. piscifermentans, S. simulans
4. S. epidermidis group – S. capitis, S. caprae, S. epidermidis, S. saccharolyticus
5. S. haemolyticus group – S. devriesei, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis
6. S. hyicus-intermedius group – S. chromogenes, S. felis, S. delphini, S. hyicus, S. intermedius, S. lutrae, S. microti, S. muscae, S. pseudintermedius, S. rostri, S. schleiferi
7. S. lugdunensis group – S. lugdunensis
8. S. saprophyticus group – S. arlettae, S. cohnii, S. equorum, S. gallinarum, S. kloosii, S. leei, S. nepalensis, S. saprophyticus, S. succinus, S. xylosus
9. S. sciuri group – S. fleurettii, S. lentus, S. sciuri, S. stepanovicii, S. vitulinus
10. S. simulans group – S. simulans
11. S. warneri group – S. pasteuri, S. warneri

A twelfth group – that of S. caseolyticus – has now been moved to a new genus Macrococcus, the species of which are currently the closest known relatives of the Staphylococci.

Subspecies

S. aureus subsp. aureus
S. aureus subsp. anaerobius

S. capitis subsp. capitis
S. capitis subsp. urealyticus

S. carnosus subsp. carnosus
S. carnosus subsp. utilis

S. cohnii subsp. cohnii
S. cohnii subsp. urealyticus

S. equorum subsp. equorum
S. equorum subsp. linens

S. hominis subsp. hominis
S. hominis subsp. novobiosepticus

S. saprophyticus subsp. bovis
S. saprophyticus subsp. saprophyticus

S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans
S. schleiferi subsp. schleiferi

S. sciuri subsp. carnaticus
S. sciuri subsp. rodentium
S. sciuri subsp. sciuri

S. succinus subsp. casei
S. succinus subsp. succinus

Notes

As with all generic names in binomial nomenclature, Staphylococcus is capitalized when used alone or with a specific species. Also, the abbreviations Staph and S. when used with a species (S. aureus) are correctly italicized and capitalized (though often errors in this are seen in popular literature). However, Staphylococcus is not capitalized or italicized when used in adjectival forms, as in a staphylococcal infection, or as the plural (staphylococci).

The S. saprophyticus and S. sciuri groups are generally novobiocin-resistant, as is S. hominis subsp. novobiosepticus.

Members of the S. sciuri group are oxidase-positive due to their possession of the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase. This group is the only clade within the Staphylococci to possess this gene.

The S. sciuri group appears to be the closest relations to the genus Macrococcus.

Staphylococcus pulvereri has been shown to be a junior synonym of Staphylococcus vitulinus.

Within these clades, the S. haemolyticus and S. simulans groups appear to be related, as do the S. aureus and S. epidermidis groups.

S. lugdunensis appears to be related to the S. haemolyticus group.

S. croceolyticus may be related to S. haemolyticus, but this needs to be confirmed.

The taxonomic position of S. croceolyticus, S. leei, S. lyticans and S. pseudolugdunensis has yet to be clarified. The published descriptions of these species do not appear to have been validly published to date (2010).

Biochemical identification

Assignment of a strain to the genus Staphylococcus requires it to be a Gram-positive coccus that forms clusters, produces catalase, has an appropriate cell wall structure (including peptidoglycan type and teichoic acid presence) and G + C content of DNA in a range of 30–40 mol%.

Staphylococcus species can be differentiated from other aerobic and facultative anaerobic, Gram-positive cocci by several simple tests. Staphylococcus spp. are facultative anaerobes (capable of growth both aerobically and anaerobically). All species grow in the presence of bile salts.

It was believed that all species were coagulase-positive however it is now known that not all Staphylococcus are coagulase positive.

Growth can also occur in a 6.5% NaCl solution. On Baird Parker medium, Staphylococcus spp. grow fermentatively, except for S. saprophyticus, which grows oxidatively. Staphylococcus spp. are resistant to bacitracin (0.04 U disc: resistance = < 10 mm zone of inhibition) and susceptible to furazolidone (100 μg disc: resistance = < 15 mm zone of inhibition). Further biochemical testing is needed to identify to the species level.

When the bacterium divides it divides along two axes, so forming clumps of bacteria. This is as opposed to streptococci which divide along one axis and so form chains (strep. meaning twisted or pliant).

Coagulase production

One of the most important phenotypical features used in the classification of staphylococci is their ability to produce coagulase, an enzyme that causes blood clot formation.

Six species are currently recognised as being coagulase-positive: S. aureus, S. delphini, S. hyicus, S. intermedius, S. lutrae,S. pseudintermedius and S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans. These species belong to two separate groups – the S. aureus (S. aureus alone) group and the S. hyicus-intermedius group (the remaining five). S. aureus can also be found as being coagulase-negative.

A seventh species has also been described – Staphylococcus leei – from patients with gastritis.

S. aureus is coagulase-positive, meaning it produces coagulase. However, while the majority of S. aureus strains are coagulase-positive, some may be atypical in that they do not produce coagulase. S. aureus is catalase-positive (meaning that it can produce the enzyme catalase) and able to convert hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) to water and oxygen, which makes the catalase test useful to distinguish staphylococci from enterococci and streptococci.

S. pseudintermedius inhabits and sometimes infects the skin of domestic dogs and cats. This organism, too, can carry the genetic material that imparts multiple bacterial resistance. It is rarely implicated in infections in humans, as a zoonosis.

S. epidermidis, a coagulase-negative species, is a commensal of the skin, but can cause severe infections in immune-suppressed patients and those with central venous catheters. S. saprophyticus, another coagulase-negative species that is part of the normal vaginal flora, is predominantly implicated in genitourinary tract infections in sexually active young women. In recent years, several other Staphylococcus species have been implicated in human infections, notably S. lugdunensis, S. schleiferi, and S. caprae.

Common abbreviations for coagulase-negative staphylococcus species are CoNS and CNS.

Genomics and molecular biology

The first S. aureus genomes to be sequenced were those of N315 and Mu50 in 2001. Many more complete S. aureus genomes have been submitted to the public databases, making it one of the most extensively sequenced bacteria. The use of genomic data is now widespread and provides a valuable resource for researchers working with S. aureus. Whole genome technologies, such as sequencing projects and microarrays, have shown an enormous variety of S. aureus strains. Each contains different combinations of surface proteins and different toxins. Relating this information to pathogenic behaviour is one of the major areas of staphylococcal research. The development of molecular typing methods has enabled the tracking of different strains of S. aureus. This may lead to better control of outbreak strains. A greater understanding of how the staphylococci evolve, especially due to the acquisition of mobile genetic elements encoding resistance and virulence genes is helping to identify new outbreak strains and may even prevent their emergence.

The widespread incidence of antibiotic resistance across various strains of S. aureus, or across different species of Staphylococcus has been attributed to horizontal gene transfer of genes encoding antibiotic/metal resistance and virulence. A recent study demonstrated the extent of horizontal gene transfer among Staphylococcus to be much greater than previously expected, and encompasses genes with functions beyond antibiotic resistance and virulence, and beyond genes residing within the mobile genetic elements.

Various strains of Staphylococcus are available from biological research centres, such as the National Collection of Type Cultures (NCTC).

Host range

Unknown variety of Staphylococcus, Gram-stained - numbered ticks on the scale are 11 µm apart.

Members of the genus Staphylococcus frequently colonize the skin and upper respiratory tracts of mammals and birds. Some species specificity has been observed in host range, such that the Staphylococcus species observed on some animals appear more rarely on more distantly related host species. Some of the observed host specificity includes:

S. arlattae – chickens, goats
S. aureus - humans
S. auricularis – deer, dogs, humans
S. capitis – humans
S. caprae – goats, humans
S. cohnii – chickens, humans
S. delphini – dolphins
S. devriesei – cattle
S. epidermiditis – humans
S. equorum – horses
S. felis – cats
S. fleurettii – goats
S. gallinarum – chickens, goats, pheasants
S. haemolyticus – humans, Cercocebus, Erythrocebus, Lemur, Macca, Microcebus, Pan
S. hyicus – pigs
S. leei – humans
S. lentus – goats, rabbits, sheep
S. lugdunensis – humans, goats
S. lutrae – otters
S. microti – voles (Microtus arvalis)
S. nepalensis – goats
S. pasteuri – humans, goats
S. pettenkoferi – humans
S. pseudintermedius – dogs
S. rostri – pigs
S. schleiferi – humans
S. sciuri – humans, dogs, goats
S. simiae – South American squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)
S. simulans – humans
S. warneri – humans, Cercopithecoidea, Pongidae
S. xylosus – humans

Clinical

Main article: Staphylococcal infection

Staphylococcus can cause a wide variety of diseases in humans and animals through either toxin production or penetration. Staphylococcal toxins are a common cause of food poisoning, for they can be produced by bacteria growing in improperly stored food items. The most common sialadenitis is caused by staphylococci, as bacterial infections.

See also

• MRSA
• Staphylococcal enteritis
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus

Notes and references

External links

• Staphylococcus genomes and related information at PATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 微生物による食中毒疾患の鑑別診断 differential diagnosis of microbial foodborne disease
• 2. セレウス菌およびその他の非炭疽菌バシラス属 bacillus cereus and other non anthracis bacillus species
• 3. ブドウ球菌性毒素性ショック症候群 staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome
• 4. 先進国の成人における急性下痢に対するアプローチ approach to the adult with acute diarrhea in developed countries
• 5. スコンブロイド（ヒスタミン）中毒 scombroid histamine poisoning

English Journal

• Mechanisms of staphylococcal enterotoxin-induced emesis.

• Hu DL1, Nakane A2.Author information 1Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan. Electronic address: hudl@vmas.kitasato-u.ac.jp.2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan. Electronic address: a27k03n0@cc.hirosaki-u.ac.jp.AbstractPathogenic bacteria use various strategies to interact with the host organisms. Among them, toxin production constitutes an efficient way to alter specific functions of target cells. Various enterotoxins interact with the enteric nervous system, by stimulating afferent neurons or inducing neurotransmitter release from enterochromaffin cells which result either in vomiting, diarrhea, or in the intestinal inflammation process. Staphylococcus aureus produces a wide variety of toxins including staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) with demonstrated emetic activity; and staphylococcal enterotoxin-like (SEl) proteins, which are not emetic in a primate model or have yet to be tested. SEs and SEls have been traditionally subdivided into classical (SEA to SEE) and new (SEG to SElX) types. These toxins possess superantigenic activity and are highly resistant to denaturation which allows them to remain intact in contaminated foods and trigger food poisoning outbreaks. Symptoms are of rapid onset, and include nausea and violent vomiting. SEA is the most recognizable toxin causing food poisoning in humans throughout the world. However, it remains unclear how SEs induce emesis and via which signal pathway. This review is divided into four parts, and will focus on the following: (1) how bacterial toxins interact with the nervous system, (2) biological characteristics of SEs and SEls, (3) mechanisms of SE-induced emesis, and (4) use of a vaccine for the prevention of SE-induced emesis.
• European journal of pharmacology.Eur J Pharmacol.2014 Jan 5;722:95-107. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.08.050. Epub 2013 Oct 30.
• Pathogenic bacteria use various strategies to interact with the host organisms. Among them, toxin production constitutes an efficient way to alter specific functions of target cells. Various enterotoxins interact with the enteric nervous system, by stimulating afferent neurons or inducing neurotrans
• PMID 24184671

• Natural indoles, indole-3-carbinol and 3,3'-diindolymethane, inhibit T cell activation by staphylococcal enterotoxin B through epigenetic regulation involving HDAC expression.

• Busbee PB1, Nagarkatti M1, Nagarkatti PS2.Author information 1Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.2Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. Electronic address: prakash@mailbox.sc.edu.AbstractStaphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is a potent exotoxin produced by the Staphylococcus aureus. This toxin is classified as a superantigen because of its ability to directly bind with MHC-II class molecules followed by activation of a large proportion of T cells bearing specific Vβ-T cell receptors. Commonly associated with classic food poisoning, SEB has also been shown to induce toxic shock syndrome, and is also considered to be a potential biological warfare agent because it is easily aerosolized. In the present study, we assessed the ability of indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and one of its byproducts, 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM), found in cruciferous vegetables, to counteract the effects of SEB-induced activation of T cells in mice. Both I3C and DIM were found to decrease the activation, proliferation, and cytokine production by SEB-activated Vβ8(+) T cells in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, inhibitors of histone deacetylase class I (HDAC-I), but not class II (HDAC-II), showed significant decrease in SEB-induced T cell activation and cytokine production, thereby suggesting that epigenetic modulation plays a critical role in the regulation of SEB-induced inflammation. In addition, I3C and DIM caused a decrease in HDAC-I but not HDAC-II in SEB-activated T cells, thereby suggesting that I3C and DIM may inhibit SEB-mediated T cell activation by acting as HDAC-I inhibitors. These studies not only suggest for the first time that plant-derived indoles are potent suppressors of SEB-induced T cell activation and cytokine storm but also that they may mediate these effects by acting as HDAC inhibitors.
• Toxicology and applied pharmacology.Toxicol Appl Pharmacol.2014 Jan 1;274(1):7-16. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.10.022. Epub 2013 Nov 5.
• Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is a potent exotoxin produced by the Staphylococcus aureus. This toxin is classified as a superantigen because of its ability to directly bind with MHC-II class molecules followed by activation of a large proportion of T cells bearing specific Vβ-T cell receptors.
• PMID 24200994

• Outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning from a military unit lunch party - United States, July 2012.

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).AbstractOn July 30, 2012, the emergency department at a military hospital was visited by 13 persons seeking care for gastrointestinal illness with onset 2-3 hours after a work lunch party. The hospital responded by opening up temporary evaluation and treatment capacity in primary-care clinics and a progressive-care unit and by diverting one patient to a local civilian hospital. An immediate outbreak investigation was conducted by local military public health personnel with assistance from CDC. Initial epidemiologic analysis implicated "perlo" (a chicken, sausage, and rice dish) and bacterial intoxication as the outbreak mechanism. This enabled public health personnel to 1) recommend no further consumption of perlo and 2) reassure appropriate authorities that no additional ill persons likely would be seeking care and advise that nothing more than supportive care of ill persons likely would be required. After interviewing party attendees, investigators found nine additional persons who met their case definition. Subsequent CDC laboratory analysis of a sample of perlo detected staphylococcal enterotoxin A, supporting the epidemiologic findings. Improper food handling and preparation measures were identified and addressed by the appropriate authorities, who provided additional detailed education on food preparation safety for the persons who prepared the meal.
• MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.2013 Dec 20;62(50):1026-8.
• On July 30, 2012, the emergency department at a military hospital was visited by 13 persons seeking care for gastrointestinal illness with onset 2-3 hours after a work lunch party. The hospital responded by opening up temporary evaluation and treatment capacity in primary-care clinics and a progress
• PMID 24352066

Japanese Journal

• ブドウ球菌性食中毒とMRSA腸炎 (特集 食中毒の基礎と臨床 : 疾患メカニズムから予防まで) -- (最新の臨床研究と診療戦略)

• 奥山 祐右,吉田 憲正
• 日本臨床 70(8), 1362-1365, 2012-08
• NAID 40019375795

• ＜Poster＞Cystatin C immunoreactivity and neuronal degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

• Hu Dong-Liang,Omoe Katsuhiko,Sashinami Hiroshi [他],Shinagawa Kunihiro,Nakane Akio
• 弘前醫學 61(Supplement), S215-S223, 2010
• … Staphylococcal enterotoxins （SEs） are the most common cause of food-borne diseases andtoxic shock syndrome throughout the world. … This nontoxic mutant and its specifi c antibodies might be useful in the prevention and treatment ofstaphylococcal food poisoning …
• NAID 110007617473

• PCR detection of Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) N, O, P, Q, R, U, and survey of SE types in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from food-poisoning cases in Taiwan

• CHIANG Y. C.
• Int. J. Food
• NAID 80017954328

Related Links

• Staph Food Poisoning-Topic Overview - WebMD - Better ...

Staph Food Poisoning - Topic Overview What is staph food poisoning? Staph food poisoning is a type of food poisoning caused by infection with the Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacterium. The bacteria multiply in foods and ...

• Staphylococcal Infections: MedlinePlus - National Library of ...

Boils and Carbuncles (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research) Staphylococcal Food Poisoning (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) Toxic Shock Syndrome (Mayo Foundation for Medical ...

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リンク元	「ブドウ球菌食中毒」
関連記事	「staphylococcal」

「ブドウ球菌食中毒」

　　[★]

英

staphylococcal food poisoning

関

ブドウ球菌性食中毒

「staphylococcal」

　　[★]

• adj.

• ブドウ球菌性の、ブドウ球菌の

関

staphylococci、Staphylococcus