The origin of replication (also called the replication origin) is a particular sequence in a genome at which replication is initiated.[1] This can either involve the replication of DNA in living organisms such as prokaryotes and eukaryotes, or that of DNA or RNA in viruses, such as double-stranded RNA viruses.
DNA replication may proceed from this point bidirectionally or unidirectionally.
The specific structure of the origin of replication varies somewhat from species to species, but all share some common characteristics such as high AT content (adenine and thymine are easier to separate because they form only 2 hydrogen bonds whereas guanine and cytosine form 3). The origin of replication binds the pre-replication complex, a protein complex that recognizes, unwinds, and begins to copy DNA.
Contents
- 1 Types
- 2 Prokaryotic
- 2.1 Bacterial Genome Origins
- 2.2 Bacterial Plasmid Origins
- 3 Eukaryotic
- 4 Viral
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 External links
Types[edit]
The two types of replication origin are:
- Narrow or broad host range
- High- or low-copy number
There are also significant differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic origins of replication:
- Most bacteria have a single circular molecule of DNA, and typically only a single origin of replication per circular chromosome.[2]
- Most archaea have a single circular molecule of DNA, and several origins of replication along this circular chromosome.[3]
- Eukaryotes often have multiple origins of replication on each linear chromosome that initiate at different times (replication timing), with up to 100,000 present in a single human cell.[4] Having many origins of replication helps to speed the duplication of their (usually) much larger store of genetic material. The segment of DNA that is copied starting from each unique replication origin is called a replicon.
Origins of replication are typically assigned names containing ori.
Prokaryotic[edit]
Bacterial Genome Origins[edit]
The genome of E. coli consists of a single circular DNA molecule of approximately 4.6 x 106 nucleotide pairs. DNA replication typically begins at a single origin of replication. In E. coli, the origin of replication — oriC — consists of three A–T rich 13-mer repeats and four 9-mer repeats. Ten to 20 monomers of the replication initiator protein DnaA bind to the 9 mer repeats, and the DNA coils around this protein complex forming a protein core. This coiling stimulates the AT rich region in the 13 mer sequence to unwind, allowing the helicase loader DnaC to load the replicative helicase DnaB to each of the two unwound DNA strands. The helicase DnaB forms the basis of the replisome, a complex of enzymes that performs DNA replication.[5]
Bacterial Plasmid Origins[edit]
Many bacteria, including E. coli, contain plasmids that each contain an origin of replication. These are separate from the origins of replication that are used by the bacteria to copy their genome and often function very differently. For example, the E. coli plasmid pBR322 uses a protein called Rop/Rom to regulate the number of plasmids that are within each bacterial cell[citation needed]. The most common origin of replication that is used in plasmids for genetic engineering is called pUC. This origin is derived from pBR322 but it contains two mutations. One single point mutation in the origin itself and another that deletes the Rop/Rom gene. This removes all the regulatory constraints on the plasmids replication and the bacteria then go from producing 30-40 plasmids per cell with pBR322 up to producing over 500 with pUC. This allows genetic engineers to produce large quantities of DNA for research purposes. Other origins of replication include pSC101 (derived from Salmonella, around 5 copies per cell), 15A origin (derived from p15A, 10-20 copies per cell) and Bacterial artificial chromosomes (1 copy per cell).[6]
Eukaryotic[edit]
In eukaryotes, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has the best characterised replication origins. These origins were first identified by their ability to support the replication of mini-chromosomes or plasmids, giving rise to the name Autonomously replicating sequences or ARS elements. Each budding yeast origin consists of a short (~11 bp) essential DNA sequence (called the ARS consensus sequence or ACS) that recruits replication proteins.
In other eukaryotes, including humans, the DNA sequences at the replication origins vary. Despite this sequence variation, all the origins form a base for assembly of a group of proteins known collectively as the pre-replication complex (pre-RC):
- First, the origin DNA is bound by the origin recognition complex (ORC) which, with help from two further protein factors (Cdc6 and Cdt1), load the mini chromosome maintenance (or MCM) protein complex.
- Once assembled, this complex of proteins indicates that the replication origin is ready for activation. Once the replication origin is activated, the cell's DNA will be replicated.
In metazoans, pre-RC formation is inhibited by the protein geminin, which binds to and inactivates Cdt1. Regulation of replication prevents the DNA from being replicated more than once each cell cycle.
In humans an origin of replication has been originally identified near the Lamin B2 gene on chromosome 19 and the ORC binding to it has extensively been studied.[7]
Viral[edit]
Genome of
human herpesvirus-6, a member of the Herpesviridae family. The origin of replication is labeled as "OOR."
Viruses often possess a single origin of replication.
A variety of proteins have been described as being involved in viral replication. For instance, Polyoma viruses utilize host cell DNA polymerases, which attach to a viral origin of replication if the T antigen is present.
See also[edit]
- OriDB the DNA Replication Origin Database
- Origin of transfer
References[edit]
- ^ Technical Glossary Edward K. Wagner, Martinez Hewlett, David Bloom and David Camerini Basic Virology Third Edition, Blackwell publishing, 2007 ISBN 1-4051-4715-6
- ^ Mott ML, Berger JM (2007). "DNA replication initiation: mechanisms and regulation in bacteria". Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 5 (5): 343–54. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1640. PMID 17435790.
- ^ Kelman LM, Kelman Z (2004). "Multiple origins of replication in archaea". Trends Microbiol. 12 (9): 399–401. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2004.07.001. PMID 15337158.
- ^ Nasheuer HP, Smith R, Bauerschmidt C, Grosse F, Weisshart K (2002). "Initiation of eukaryotic DNA replication: regulation and mechanisms". Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 72: 41–94. doi:10.1016/S0079-6603(02)72067-9. PMID 12206458.
- ^ Baker TA, Wickner SH (1992). "Genetics and enzymology of DNA replication in Escherichia coli". Annual Review of Genetics 26: 447–77. doi:10.1146/annurev.ge.26.120192.002311. PMID 1482121.
- ^ oxfordgenetics.com/origins,.
- ^ Falaschi A, Giacca M. The quest for a human ori, 'Genetica',1994;94(2-3):255-66
External links[edit]
- Ori-Finder, an online software for prediction of bacterial and archaeal oriCs
- Replication Origin at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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DNA replication (comparing Prokaryotic to Eukaryotic)
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| Initiation |
Prokaryotic
(initiation) |
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Eukaryotic
(preparation in
G1 phase) |
- Origin recognition complex
- ORC1
- ORC2
- ORC3
- ORC4
- ORC5
- ORC6
- Minichromosome maintenance
- MCM2
- MCM3
- MCM4
- MCM5
- MCM6
- MCM7
- Autonomously replicating sequence
- Single-strand binding protein
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| Both |
- Origin of replication/Ori/Replicon
- Replication fork
- Lagging and leading strands
- Okazaki fragment
- Primer
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| Replication |
Prokaryotic
(elongation) |
- DNA polymerase III holoenzyme
- dnaC
- dnaE
- dnaH
- dnaN
- dnaQ
- dnaT
- dnaX
- holA
- holB
- holC
- holD
- holE
- Replisome
- DNA ligase
- DNA clamp
- Topoisomerase
- Prokaryotic DNA polymerase: DNA polymerase I
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Eukaryotic
(synthesis in
S phase) |
- Replication factor C
- Flap endonuclease
- Topoisomerase
- Replication protein A
- Eukaryotic DNA polymerase: delta
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| Both |
- Movement: Processivity
- DNA ligase
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| Termination |
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See also: DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorder B bsyn: dna (repl, cycl, reco, repr) · tscr (fact, tcrg, nucl, rnat, rept, ptts) · tltn (risu, pttl, nexn) · dnab, rnab/runp · stru (domn, 1°, 2°, 3°, 4°)
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