prothymosin

プロサイモシン、プロチモシン

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/29 12:11:09」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Prothymosin, alpha
NMR structure of thymosin alpha-1. PDB 2l9i
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB List of PDB id codes 2L9I
Identifiers
Symbols	PTMA ; TMSA
External IDs	OMIM: 188390 MGI: 97803 HomoloGene: 136511 GeneCards: PTMA Gene
Gene ontology Cellular component • nucleus • extracellular vesicular exosome Biological process • transcription, DNA-templated Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	5757	100504173
Ensembl	ENSG00000187514	ENSMUSG00000026238
UniProt	P06454	P26350
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_001099285	n/a
RefSeq (protein)	NP_001092755	n/a
Location (UCSC)	Chr 2: 232.57 – 232.58 Mb	Chr 1: 86.53 – 86.53 Mb
PubMed search	[1]	[2]

Thymosin α₁ is a peptide fragment derived from prothymosin alpha, a protein that in humans is encoded by the PTMA gene.

Function

Thymosin α₁ is believed to be a major component of Thymosin Fraction 5 responsible for the activity of that preparation in restoring immune function in animals lacking thymus glands. It was the first of the peptides from Thymosin Fraction 5 to be completely sequenced and synthesized. Unlike β thymosins, to which it is genetically and chemically unrelated, thymosin α₁ is produced as a 28-amino acid fragment, from a longer, 113-amino acid precursor, prothymosin α. It has been found to enhance cell-mediated immunity in humans as well as experimental animals.

Therapeutic application

Thymosin α₁ is now approved in 35 under developed or developing countries for the treatment of Hepatitis B and C, and it is also used to boost the immune response in the treatment of other diseases.

See also

• Thymosins

References

Further reading

• Martini PG, Katzenellenbogen BS (2003). "Modulation of estrogen receptor activity by selective coregulators.". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 85 (2-5): 117–22. doi:10.1016/S0960-0760(03)00207-3. PMID 12943695. 
• Barcia MG, Castro JM, Jullien CD, et al. (1992). "Prothymosin alpha is phosphorylated by casein kinase-2.". FEBS Lett. 312 (2-3): 152–6. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(92)80924-6. PMID 1426245. 
• Baxevanis CN, Thanos D, Reclos GJ, et al. (1992). "Prothymosin alpha enhances human and murine MHC class II surface antigen expression and messenger RNA accumulation.". J. Immunol. 148 (7): 1979–84. PMID 1545115. 
• Gallego R, Rosón E, García-Caballero T, et al. (1992). "Prothymosin alpha expression in lymph nodes and tonsils: an optical and ultrastructural study.". Acta Anat (Basel) 143 (3): 219–22. doi:10.1159/000147251. PMID 1632187. 
• Cordero OJ, Sarandeses CS, López JL, et al. (1992). "Prothymosin alpha enhances interleukin 2 receptor expression in normal human T-lymphocytes.". Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 13 (8): 1059–65. doi:10.1016/0192-0561(91)90156-2. PMID 1814846. 
• Watts JD, Cary PD, Sautiere P, Crane-Robinson C (1990). "Thymosins: both nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins.". Eur. J. Biochem. 192 (3): 643–51. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb19271.x. PMID 2209614. 
• Eschenfeldt WH, Manrow RE, Krug MS, Berger SL (1989). "Isolation and partial sequencing of the human prothymosin alpha gene family. Evidence against export of the gene products.". J. Biol. Chem. 264 (13): 7546–55. PMID 2708378. 
• Gómez-Márquez J, Segade F, Dosil M, et al. (1989). "The expression of prothymosin alpha gene in T lymphocytes and leukemic lymphoid cells is tied to lymphocyte proliferation.". J. Biol. Chem. 264 (15): 8451–4. PMID 2785990. 
• Goodall GJ, Dominguez F, Horecker BL (1987). "Molecular cloning of cDNA for human prothymosin alpha.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83 (23): 8926–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.83.23.8926. PMC 387046. PMID 3466166. 
• Eschenfeldt WH, Berger SL (1987). "The human prothymosin alpha gene is polymorphic and induced upon growth stimulation: evidence using a cloned cDNA.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83 (24): 9403–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.83.24.9403. PMC 387146. PMID 3467312. 
• Panneerselvam C, Haritos AA, Caldarella J, Horecker BL (1987). "Prothymosin alpha in human blood.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (13): 4465–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.13.4465. PMC 305110. PMID 3474615. 
• Pan LX, Haritos AA, Wideman J, et al. (1986). "Human prothymosin alpha: amino acid sequence and immunologic properties.". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 250 (1): 197–201. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(86)90717-4. PMID 3532956. 
• Kubota S, Adachi Y, Copeland TD, Oroszlan S (1995). "Binding of human prothymosin alpha to the leucine-motif/activation domains of HTLV-I Rex and HIV-1 Rev.". Eur. J. Biochem. 233 (1): 48–54. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.048_1.x. PMID 7588773. 
• Garcia-Caballero T, Dominguez F, Roson E, et al. (1994). "Distribution of prothymosin alpha in rat and human adrenal cortex.". Anat. Rec. 239 (1): 88–94. doi:10.1002/ar.1092390110. PMID 7913591. 
• Szabo P, Panneerselvam C, Clinton M, et al. (1993). "Prothymosin alpha gene in humans: organization of its promoter region and localization to chromosome 2.". Hum. Genet. 90 (6): 629–34. doi:10.1007/BF00202480. PMID 7916742. 
• Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides.". Gene 138 (1-2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298. 
• Tsitsiloni OE, Stiakakis J, Koutselinis A, et al. (1993). "Expression of alpha-thymosins in human tissues in normal and abnormal growth.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 (20): 9504–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.20.9504. PMC 47597. PMID 8415730. 
• Sburlati AR, De La Rosa A, Batey DW, et al. (1993). "Phosphorylation of human and bovine prothymosin alpha in vivo.". Biochemistry 32 (17): 4587–96. doi:10.1021/bi00068a015. PMID 8485135. 
• Rubtsov IuP, Vartapetian AB (1996). "[New intronless members of human prothymosin alpha genes]". Mol. Biol. (Mosk.) 29 (6): 1320–5. PMID 8592501. 

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 常染色体優性多発性嚢胞腎の遺伝学および嚢胞成長のメカニズム genetics of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and mechanisms of cyst growth

English Journal

• Tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) prothymosin alpha: Cytokine-like activities associated with the intact protein and the C-terminal region that lead to antiviral immunity via Myd88-dependent and -independent pathways respectively.

• Zhang BC1, Sun L2.
• Developmental and comparative immunology.Dev Comp Immunol.2015 Jul 7;53(1):96-104. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.07.004. [Epub ahead of print]
• Prothymosin alpha (ProTα) is a small protein that in mammals is known to participate in diverse biological processes including immunomodulation. In teleost, the immunological function of ProTα is unknown. In the current study, we investigated the expression and function of the ProTα (named CsProT
• PMID 26162512

• Thymosin α1: burying secrets in the thymus.

• Moretti S1, Oikonomou V, Garaci E, Romani L.
• Expert opinion on biological therapy.Expert Opin Biol Ther.2015 Jul;15 Suppl 1:51-8. doi: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1044895. Epub 2015 Jun 22.
• Thymosin α1 (Tα1), an epithelial cell (EC)-derived cytokine, has the strong ability to modulate signals delivered through innate immune receptors on dendritic cells (DCs), thus instructing the initiation of appropriate immune responses to T cells. In its ability to activate indoleamine 2,3-dioxyge
• PMID 26098878

• High-resolution mass spectrometry for thymosins detection and characterization.

• Cabras T1, Iavarone F, Martelli C, Delfino D, Rossetti DV, Inserra I, Manconi B, Desiderio C, Messana I, Hannappel E, Faa G, Castagnola M.
• Expert opinion on biological therapy.Expert Opin Biol Ther.2015 Jul;15 Suppl 1:191-201. doi: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1009887. Epub 2015 Jun 22.
• OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to characterize β and α thymosins and their proteoforms in various tissues and bodily fluids by mass spectrometry and to look at their association with a wide variety of pathologies.METHODS: A top-down proteomic platform based on high-performance liquid chroma
• PMID 26095945

Japanese Journal

• 1-I-12 ビタミンB_6酵素の転写を促進する核内受容体コアクティベーター(MTI-II)のホモログタンパク質(prothymosin)の活性(一般研究発表,日本ビタミン学会第61回大会研究発表要旨)

• 岡本 一起,永井 宏平,有戸 光美,黒川 真奈絵,増子 佳世,末松 直也,遊道 和雄,礒橋 文秀,加藤 智啓
• ビタミン 83(4), 177, 2009-04-25
• NAID 110007161546

• Effectiveness of gene expression profiling for response prediction of rectal cancer to preoperative radiotherapy

• OJIMA EIKI,INOUE YASUHIRO,MIKI CHIKAO,MORI MASAKI,KUSUNOKI MASATO
• Journal of gastroenterology 42(9), 730-736, 2007-09-01
• NAID 10019816648

• Prothymosin α Interacts with Free Core Histones in the Nucleus of Dividing Cells

• Covelo Guillermo,Sarandeses Concepcion S.,Diaz-Jullien Cristina [他],FREIRE Manuel
• The journal of biochemistry 140(5), 627-637, 2006-11-01
• NAID 10018840791

Related Links

• Prothymosin alpha - Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.

A new biological polypeptide hormone has been isolated from mammalian thymus and has been given the designation prothymosin alpha. This peptide contains approximately 107 to 113 amino acid residues de

• Nuclear Oncoprotein Prothymosin α Is a Partner of Keap1 ...

Here, by using the yeast two-hybrid screen, human Keap1 has been identified as a partner of the nuclear protein prothymosin α. The in vivo and in vitro data indicated that the prothymosin α-Keap1 interaction is direct, highly S, ...

Related Pictures

---

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「プロチモシン」「プロサイモシン」

「プロチモシン」

　　[★]

英

prothymosin

関

プロサイモシン

「プロサイモシン」

　　[★]

英

prothymosin

関

プロチモシン