Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/02/07 11:35:26」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
The 23 human chromosome territories during prometaphase in fibroblast cells.
Prometaphase is the phase of mitosis following prophase and preceding metaphase, in eukaryotic somatic cells. Prometaphase is sometimes simply included as part of the end of prophase and early metaphase.
In prometaphase, the nuclear membrane breaks apart into numerous "membrane vesicles", and the chromosomes inside form protein structures called kinetochores.[1] Kinetochore microtubules emerging from the centrosomes at the poles (ends) of the spindle reach the chromosomes and attach to the kinetochores,[1] throwing the chromosomes into agitated motion.[2] Other spindle microtubules make contact with microtubules coming from the opposite pole. Forces exerted by protein "motors" associated with spindle microtubules move the chromosomes toward the center of the cell.
Contents
- 1 Types of microtubules
- 2 Transition from prometaphase to metaphase
- 3 References
- 4 External links
Types of microtubules
The microtubules are composed of two types, kinetochore microtubules and non-kinetochore microtubules.
- Kinetochore microtubules begin searching for kinetochores to attach to.
- A number of non-kinetochore microtubules or polar microtubules find and interact with corresponding nonkinetochore microtubules from the opposite centrosome to form the mitotic spindle.
Transition from prometaphase to metaphase
The role of prometaphase is completed when all of the kinetochore microtubules have attached to their kinetochores, upon which metaphase begins. An unattached kinetochore, and thus a non-aligned chromosome, even when most of the other chromosomes have lined up, will trigger the spindle checkpoint signal. This prevents premature progression into anaphase by inhibiting the anaphase-promoting complex until all kinetochores are attached and all the chromosomes aligned.[3]
Early events of metaphase can coincide with the later events of prometaphase, as chromosomes with connected kinetochores will start the events of metaphase individually before other chromosomes with unconnected kinetochores that are still lingering in the events of prometaphase.
References
- ^ a b "prometaphase". Nature Education. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
- ^ Reece, Jane B. (2011). "12". The Cell Cycle (9th ed.). San Francisco: Pearson Education, Inc.
- ^ May, Karen M; Kevin G. Hardwick (2006). "The spindle checkpoint". Journal of Cell Science. 119 (Pt 20): 4139–42. doi:10.1242/jcs.03165. PMID 17038540. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
External links
- Media related to Prometaphase at Wikimedia Commons
|
Cell cycle proteins
|
|
| Cyclin |
- A (A1, A2)
- B (B1, B2, B3)
- D (D1, D2, D3)
- E (E1, E2)
|
|
| CDK |
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
- CDK-activating kinase
|
|
| CDK inhibitor |
- INK4a/ARF (p14arf/p16, p15, p18, p19)
- cip/kip (p21, p27, p57)
|
|
| P53 p63 p73 family |
|
|
| Other |
- Cdc2
- Cdc25
- Cdc42
- Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein
- E2F
- Maturation promoting factor
- Wee
- Cullin (CUL7)
|
|
Phases and
checkpoints |
| Interphase |
- G1 phase
- S phase
- G2 phase
|
|
| M phase |
- Mitosis (Preprophase
- Prophase
- Prometaphase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase)
- Cytokinesis
|
|
| Cell cycle checkpoints |
- Restriction point
- Spindle checkpoint
- Postreplication checkpoint
|
|
| Other cellular phases |
- Apoptosis
- G0 phase
- Meiosis
|
|
UpToDate Contents
全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.
English Journal
- Nuclei fluorescence microscopic observation on early embryonic development of mitogynogenetic diploid induced by hydrostatic pressure treatment in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus).
- Lin Z1, Zhu X2, You F3, Wu Z3, Cao Y4.
- Theriogenology.Theriogenology.2015 May;83(8):1310-20. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.01.020. Epub 2015 Jan 24.
- Sperm genetic material of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) was inactivated by ultraviolet irradiation. The nuclear phase changes during early embryonic development of diploid, haploid, and mitogynogenetic diploid induced by hydrostatic pressure treatment were observed under fluorescent micros
- PMID 25726149
- Motor function in interpolar microtubules during metaphase.
- Deutsch JM1, Lewis IP2.
- Journal of theoretical biology.J Theor Biol.2015 Apr 7;370:1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.01.011. Epub 2015 Jan 19.
- We analyze experimental motility assays of microtubules undergoing small fluctuations about a "balance point" when mixed in solution of two different kinesin motor proteins, KLP61F and Ncd. It has been proposed that the microtubule movement is due to stochastic variations in the densities of the two
- PMID 25613413
Japanese Journal
- 血漿および腺性キニン前駆体である高分子および低分子キニノーゲンのcDNA構造解析と遺伝子の形態学的解析
- 梅田 八壽子
- 尚絅大学研究紀要. B, 自然科学編 (45), 107-122, 2013-03-31
- … The localization of the guinea pig kininogen gene on the prometaphase lymphocyte chromosomes was examined by fl uorescent in situ hybridization method. …
- NAID 110009579121
- Somatic chromosome differentiation in <I>Cucumis melo</I> L. and <I>C. metuliferus</I> E.Mey. <I>ex</I> Naudin
- Hoshi Yoshikazu,Kido Michiko,Yagi Kouhei,Tagashira Norikazu,Morikawa Atsumi,Nagano Katsuya
- Chromosome Botany 8(1), 7-12, 2013
- … had unexpected chromosomespecific CMA and DAPI bands, especially in prometaphase. …
- NAID 130003369223
Related Links
- Prometaphase is the second phase of mitosis, which is a process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two, identical daughter cells
- Prometaphase is the phase of mitosis following prophase and preceding metaphase, in eukaryotic somatic cells. Prometaphase is sometimes simply included as part of the end of prophase and early metaphase. In prometaphase, the nuclear membrane ...
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 英
- prometaphase
- 関
- 前中期