photosynthetically active radiation

• 光合成有効放射

WordNet

1. a person who is a participating member of an organization; "the club issues a list of members, both the actives and the retirees"
2. tending to become more severe or wider in scope; "active tuberculosis"
3. in operation; "keep hope alive"; "the tradition was still alive"; "an active tradition" (同)alive
4. engaged in or ready for military or naval operations; "on active duty"; "the platoon is combat-ready"; "review the fighting forces" (同)combat-ready, fighting
5. (used of verbs (e.g. `to run' (同)dynamic
6. taking part in an activity; "an active member of the club"; "he was politically active"; "the participating organizations" (同)participating
7. (of e.g. volcanos) capable of erupting
8. (of e.g. volcanos) erupting or liable to erupt; "active volcanos"
9. (of the sun) characterized by an increased occurrence of sunspots and flares and radio emissions
10. characterized by energetic activity; "an active toddler"; "active as a gazelle"; "an active man is a man of action"
11. disposed to take action or effectuate change; "a director who takes an active interest in corporate operations"; "an active antagonism"; "he was active in drawing attention to their grievances"
12. engaged in full-time work; "active duty"; "though past retirement age he is still active in his profession"
13. exerting influence or producing a change or effect; "an active ingredient"
14. expressing that the subject of the sentence has the semantic function of actor: "Hemingway favors active constructions"
15. full of activity or engaged in continuous activity; "an active seaport"; "an active bond market"; "an active account"
16. the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay (同)radioactivity
17. energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles
18. the act of spreading outward from a central source
19. a radial arrangement of nerve fibers connecting different parts of the brain
20. the spread of a group of organisms into new habitats

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 『活動的な』,活発な,活気のある / 『有効な』,(薬の効力などが)まだ働いている,機能している / (軍務で)現役の / 『積極的な』,実際的な / 能動態の
2. 〈U〉(光・熱・放射能などの)発散,放射 / 〈C〉放射物;放射線;輻射(ふくしゃ)熱 / 〈C〉(喜び・幸福感などの)発散《+『of』+『名』》 / =radioactivity

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/05/27 22:04:15」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Photosynthetically active radiation, often abbreviated PAR, designates the spectral range (wave band) of solar radiation from 400 to 700 nanometers that photosynthetic organisms are able to use in the process of photosynthesis. This spectral region corresponds more or less with the range of light visible to the human eye. Photons at shorter wavelengths tend to be so energetic that they can be damaging to cells and tissues, but are mostly filtered out by the ozone layer in the stratosphere. Photons at longer wavelengths do not carry enough energy to allow photosynthesis to take place.

Other living organisms, such as green bacteria, purple bacteria and Heliobacteria, can exploit solar light in slightly extended spectral regions, such as the near-infrared. These bacteria live in environments such as the bottom of stagnant ponds, sediment and ocean depths. Because of their pigments, they form colorful mats of green, red and purple.

Typical PAR action spectrum, shown beside absorption spectra for chlorophyll-A, chlorophyll-B, and carotenoids

Chlorophyll, the most abundant plant pigment, is most efficient in capturing red and blue light. Accessory pigments such as carotenes and xanthophylls harvest some green light and pass it on to the photosynthetic process, but enough of the green wavelengths are reflected to give leaves their characteristic color. An exception to the predominance of chlorophyll is autumn, when chlorophyll is degraded (because it contains N and Mg) but the accessory pigments are not (because they only contain C, H and O) and remain in the leaf producing red, yellow and orange leaves.

PAR measurement is used in agriculture, forestry and oceanography. One of the requirements for productive farmland is adequate PAR, so PAR is used to evaluate agricultural investment potential. PAR sensors stationed at various levels of the forest canopy measure the pattern of PAR availability and utilization. Photosynthetic rate and related parameters can be measured non-destructively using a photosynthesis system, and these instruments measure PAR and sometimes control PAR at set intensities. PAR measurements are also used to calculate the euphotic depth in the ocean. PAR is normally quantified as µmol photons/m²/second, which is a measure of the photosynthetic photon flux (area) density, or PPFD. PAR can also be expressed in energy units (irradiance, W/m²). W/m² measurements are important in energy balance considerations for photosynthetic organisms. Because photosynthesis is a quantum process, PPFD is generally used by plant biologists.

Out of total incident solar radiation (abbreviated as insolation), only less than 50% is PAR.

References

• Gates, David M. (1980). Biophysical Ecology, Springer-Verlag, New York, 611 p.
• McCree, Keith J. (1972a). "The action spectrum, absorptance and quantum yield of photosynthesis in crop plants". Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 9:191-216.
• McCree, Keith J. (1972b). "Test of current definitions of photosynthetically active radiation against leaf photosynthesis data". Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 10:443-453.
• McCree, Keith J. (1981). "Photosynthetically active radiation". In: Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, vol. 12A. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 41-55.

References

External links

• The Photosynthetic Process
• Comparison of Quantum (PAR) Sensors with Different Spectral Sensitivities

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• Rootstock and fruit canopy position affect peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] (cv. Rich May) plant productivity and fruit sensorial and nutritional quality.

• Gullo G1, Motisi A2, Zappia R1, Dattola A1, Diamanti J3, Mezzetti B4.Author information 1Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Risorse Forestali, Ambiente, Risorse Zootecniche, Ingegneria Agraria, Alimenti (AG.R.A.R.I.A.), Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy(1).2Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy(2).3Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali (D3A), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy(3).4Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali (D3A), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy(3). Electronic address: b.mezzetti@univpm.it.AbstractThe right combination of rootstock and training system is important for increased yield and fruit sensorial and nutritional homogeneity and quality with peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]. We investigated the effects of rootstock and training system on these parameters, testing the effect of vigorous GF677 and weaker Penta rootstock on 'Rich May' peach cultivar. Fruit position effects regarding photosynthetically active radiation availability, along the canopy profile using the Y training system, were investigated. The positive relationships between total polyphenols content and antioxidant capacity according to canopy vigour and architecture were determined for the two scion/stock combinations. Changes in fruit epicarp colour and content of bioactive compounds were also determined. Lower-vigour trees from Penta rootstock grafting yielded larger fruit with improved skin overcolour, and greater total polyphenols content and antioxidant capacity. GF677 rootstock produced more vigorous trees with fruit with lower sensorial and nutritional parameters. Canopy position strongly affects fruit sensorial and nutritional qualities. These data define potential for improvements to peach production efficiency and fruit quality, particularly for southern Europe peach cultivation conditions.
• Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Jun 15;153:234-42. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.12.056. Epub 2013 Dec 21.
• The right combination of rootstock and training system is important for increased yield and fruit sensorial and nutritional homogeneity and quality with peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]. We investigated the effects of rootstock and training system on these parameters, testing the effect of vigorou
• PMID 24491725

• Vertical physico-chemical gradients with distinct microbial communities in the hypersaline and heliothermal Lake Ursu (Sovata, Romania).

• Máthé I1, Borsodi AK, Tóth EM, Felföldi T, Jurecska L, Krett G, Kelemen Z, Elekes E, Barkács K, Márialigeti K.Author information 1Department of Bioengineering, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Piaţa Libertăţii 1, 530104, Miercurea Ciuc, Romania.AbstractThe effect of vertical physico-chemical stratification on the planktonic microbial community composition of the deep, hypersaline and heliothermal Lake Ursu (Sovata, Romania) was examined in this study. On site and laboratory measurements were performed to determine the physical and chemical variables of the lake water, and culture-based and cultivation-independent techniques were applied to identify the members of microbial communities. The surface of the lake was characterized by a low salinity water layer while the deepest region was extremely saline (up to 300 g/L salinity). Many parameters (e.g. photosynthetically active radiation, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, redox potential) changed dramatically from 2 to 4 m below the water surface in conjunction with the increasing salinity values. The water temperature reached a maximum at this depth. At around 3 m depth, there was a water layer with high (bacterio) chlorophyll content dominated by Prosthecochloris vibrioformis, a phototrophic green sulfur bacterium. Characteristic microbial communities with various prokaryotic taxa were identified along the different environmental parameters present in the different water layers. Some of these bacteria were known to be heterotrophic and therefore may be involved in the decomposition of lake organic material (e.g. Halomonas, Idiomarina and Pseudoalteromonas) while others in the transformation of sulfur compounds (e.g. Prosthecochloris). Eukaryotic microorganisms identified by molecular methods in the lake water belonged to genera of green algae (Mantionella and Picochlorum), and were restricted mainly to the upper layers.
• Extremophiles : life under extreme conditions.Extremophiles.2014 May;18(3):501-14. doi: 10.1007/s00792-014-0633-1. Epub 2014 Feb 15.
• The effect of vertical physico-chemical stratification on the planktonic microbial community composition of the deep, hypersaline and heliothermal Lake Ursu (Sovata, Romania) was examined in this study. On site and laboratory measurements were performed to determine the physical and chemical variabl
• PMID 24531691

• Is UV-induced DNA damage greater at higher elevation?

• Wang QW1, Hidema J, Hikosaka K.Author information 1Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.AbstractPREMISE OF THE STUDY: Although ultraviolet radiation (UV) is known to have negative effects on plant growth, there has been no direct evidence that plants growing at higher elevations are more severely affected by ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation, which is known to increase with elevation. We examined damage to DNA, a primary target of UV-B, in the widespread species Polygonum sachalinense (Fallopia sachalinensis) and Plantago asiatica at two elevations.
• American journal of botany.Am J Bot.2014 Apr 18. [Epub ahead of print]
• PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Although ultraviolet radiation (UV) is known to have negative effects on plant growth, there has been no direct evidence that plants growing at higher elevations are more severely affected by ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation, which is known to increase with elevation. We examined
• PMID 24748608

Japanese Journal

• Comparison of Gross Primary Productivity Derived from GIMMS NDVI3g, GIMMS, and MODIS in Southeast Asia

• Wang Junbang,Dong Jingwei,Liu Jiyuan,Huang Mei,Li Guicai,Running Steven W.,Smith W. Kolby,Harris Warwick,Saigusa Nobuko,Kondo Hiroaki,Liu Yunfen,Hirano Takashi,Xiao Xiangming
• Remote Sensing 6(3), 2108-2133, 2014-03
• … We applied the GLOPEM-CEVSA model, which integrates an ecosystem process model and a production efficiency model, to estimate GPP in Southeast Asia based on three independent results of the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by vegetation (FPAR) from GIMMS NDVI3g (GPP(NDVI3g)), GIMMS NDVI1g (GPP(NDVI1g)), and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) MOD15A2 FPAR product (GPP(MOD15)). …
• NAID 120005438269

• Leaf Removal Accelerated Accumulation of Delphinidin-based Anthocyanins in 'Muscat Bailey A' [Vitis × labruscana (Bailey) and Vitis vinifera (Muscat Hamburg)] Grape Skin

• Matsuyama Shuhei,Tanzawa Fumiko,Kobayashi Hironori [他]
• Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science 83(1), 17-22, 2014-01
• NAID 40019948826

• 耐倒伏性ダイズ品種「タチナガハ」の耕うん同時畝立て狭畦栽培による生育，収量および抑草効果への影響

• 藤田 与一,服部 誠,樋口 泰浩,南雲 芳文,細川 寿
• 日本作物学会紀事 83(3), 216-222, 2014
• 新潟県において，耐倒伏性が強いダイズ品種「タチナガハ」を用いて，ダイズの被覆による抑草効果が期待される畝立て狭畦栽培の現地実証試験を行い，ダイズの生育，収量および雑草発生量について検討した．狭畦栽培における成熟期の生育は畝立て播種栽培 （慣行） と比べて主茎長は長く，倒伏程度は微から少程度で，収穫作業に支障のない程度であった．収量は慣行並に確保され，百粒重は慣行より大きかった．ダイズ群落内の相対光 …
• NAID 130004678249

Related Links

• What is Photosynthetically Active Radiation ...

UPDATE: Fondriest Environmental is offering their expertise in photosynthetically active radiation through their new online knowledge base. For an updated ... Don't miss USGS Turtle Trackers Work To Fill Data Gap On Dry Tortugas ...

• Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR)

Photosynthetically Active Radiation or PAR refers to radiation with wavelengths between 400 and 700 nm. The term PAR has been applied to both energy and photon fluxes. The most common use today refers to total photon flux ...

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「光合成有効放射」
関連記事	「active」「radiation」「photosynthetically」

「光合成有効放射」

　　[★]

英

photosynthetically active radiation

「active」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 活動性の、活動期の、活動的な、行動的な、積極的な、活発な、能動的な、有効な、アクティブな

関

active stage、actively、activity、aggressive、behaviorally、brisk、briskly、effective、efficacious、offensive、positive、positively、valid、vigorous、vigorously

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「radiation」

　　[★]

• n.

• 放射、放射線
• 放射物
• 輻射、放熱

　 　 　 　 　 　

「photosynthetically」

　　[★]

• 光合成的に

関

photosynthetic、phototrophically