WordNet
- a hard brittle blue-grey or blue-black metallic element that is one of the platinum metals; the heaviest metal known (同)Os, atomic number 76
- an oxide containing four atoms of oxygen in the molecule
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- オスミウム(金属元素;化学記号は『Os』)
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/11/22 00:24:52」(JST)
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| Names | |||
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| Preferred IUPAC name
Osmium tetraoxide
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| Systematic IUPAC name
Tetraoxoosmium
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| Other names
Osmium(VIII) oxide
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| Identifiers | |||
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CAS Number
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20816-12-0 Y | ||
| 3D model (Jmol) | Interactive image | ||
| ChEBI | CHEBI:88215 N | ||
| ChemSpider | 28158 Y | ||
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.040.038 | ||
| EC Number | 244-058-7 | ||
| MeSH | Osmium+tetroxide | ||
| PubChem | 30318 56370778 (monopotassiate) |
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| RTECS number | RN1140000 | ||
| UN number | UN 2471 | ||
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InChI
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SMILES
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| Properties | |||
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Chemical formula
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OsO4 | ||
| Molar mass | 254.23 g/mol | ||
| Appearance | white volatile solid | ||
| Odor | acrid, chlorine-like | ||
| Density | 4.9 g/cm3[1] | ||
| Melting point | 40.25 °C (104.45 °F; 313.40 K) | ||
| Boiling point | 129.7 °C (265.5 °F; 402.8 K) | ||
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Solubility in water
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5.70 g/100 mL (10 °C) 6.23 g/100 mL (25 °C) |
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| Solubility | 375 g/100 mL (CCl4) soluble in most organic solvents, ammonium hydroxide, phosphorus oxychloride |
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| Vapor pressure | 7 mmHg (20 °C)[2] | ||
| Structure | |||
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Crystal structure
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Monoclinic, mS20 | ||
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Space group
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C2/c; a = 0.4515 nm, b = 0.52046 nm, c = 0.80838 nm, α = 77.677°, β = 73.784°, γ = 64.294°[3] | ||
| Hazards | |||
| Safety data sheet | ICSC 0528 | ||
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EU classification (DSD)
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T+ (T+) C (C) |
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| R-phrases | R26/27/28, R34 | ||
| S-phrases | (S1/2), S7/9, S26, S45 | ||
| NFPA 704 |
0
3
1
OX
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| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |||
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LCLo (lowest published)
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1316 mg/m3 (rabbit, 30 min) 423 mg/m3 (rat, 4 hr) |
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| US health exposure limits (NIOSH): | |||
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PEL (Permissible)
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TWA 0.002 mg/m3[2] | ||
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REL (Recommended)
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TWA 0.002 mg/m3 (0.0002 ppm) ST 0.006 mg/m3 (0.0006 ppm)[2] | ||
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IDLH (Immediate danger)
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1 mg/m3[2] | ||
| Related compounds | |||
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Other cations
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Ruthenium tetroxide | ||
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Related osmium oxides
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Osmium(IV) oxide | ||
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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| N verify (what is YN ?) | |||
| Infobox references | |||
Osmium tetroxide (also osmium(VIII) oxide) is the chemical compound with the formula OsO4. The compound is noteworthy for its many uses, despite its toxicity and the rarity of osmium. It also has a number of interesting properties, one being that the solid is volatile. The compound is colourless, but most samples appear yellow.[5] This is most likely due to the presence of the impurity OsO2, which is yellow-brown in colour.[6]
Contents
- 1 Physical properties
- 2 Structure and electron configuration
- 3 Synthesis
- 4 Reactions
- 4.1 Oxidation of alkenes
- 4.2 Coordination chemistry
- 4.2.1 Oxofluorides
- 5 Uses
- 5.1 Organic synthesis
- 5.2 Biological staining
- 5.3 Polymer staining
- 5.4 Osmium ore refining
- 5.5 Buckminsterfullerene adduct
- 6 Safety considerations
- 7 References
- 8 External links
Physical properties
Crystal structure of OsO4[3]
Osmium(VIII) oxide forms monoclinic crystals.[3][7] It has a characteristic acrid chlorine-like odor. The element name osmium is derived from osme, Greek for odor. OsO4 is volatile: it sublimes at room temperature. It is soluble in a wide range of organic solvents. It is also moderately soluble in water, with which it reacts reversibly to form osmic acid (see below).[8] Pure osmium(VIII) oxide is probably colourless[9] and it has been suggested that its yellow hue is due to osmium dioxide (OsO2) impurities.[10] The osmium tetroxide molecule is tetrahedral and therefore non-polar. This nonpolarity helps OsO4 penetrate charged cell membranes. OsO4 is 518 times more soluble in carbon tetrachloride than in water.
Structure and electron configuration
The osmium of OsO4 has an oxidation number of VIII, however the metal does not possess a corresponding 8+ charge as the bonding in the compound is largely covalent in character (the ionization energy required to produce a formal 8+ charge also far exceeds the energies available in normal chemical reactions). The osmium atom has eight valence electrons (6s2, 5d6) with double bonds to the four oxide ligands resulting in a 16 electron complex. This is isoelectronic with permanganate and chromate ions.
Synthesis
OsO4 is formed slowly when osmium powder reacts with O2 at ambient temperature. Reaction of bulk solid requires heating to 400 °C.[11]
Reactions
Oxidation of alkenes
Alkenes add to OsO4 to give diolate species that hydrolyze to cis-diols. The net process is called dihydroxylation. This proceeds via a [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction between the OsO4 and alkene to form an intermediate osmate ester which rapidly hydrolyses to yield the vicinal diol. As the oxygen atoms are added in a concerted step the resulting stereochemistry is cis.
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Idealized depiction of the cis-dihydroxylation of alkenes.
OsO4 is expensive and highly toxic, making it an unappealing reagent to use in stoichiometric amounts. However its reactions are made catalytic by adding reagents to reoxidise the Os(VI) by-product back to Os(VIII). Typical reagents include H2O2 (Milas hydroxylation), N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (Upjohn dihydroxylation) and K3Fe(CN)6, as these will not react with the alkenes on their own. Other osmium compounds can be used as catalysts, including osmate(VI) salts ([OsO2(OH)4)]2−, and osmium trichloride hydrate (OsCl3·xH2O). These species oxidise to osmium(VIII) in the presence of such oxidants.[12]
Lewis bases such as tertiary amines and pyridines increase the rate of dihydroxylation. This "ligand-acceleration" arises via the formation of adduct OsO4L, which adds more rapidly to the alkene. If the amine is chiral, then the dihydroxylation can proceed with enantioselectivity (see Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation).[13] OsO4 does not react with most carbohydrates.[14]
The process can be extended to give to aldehydes in the Lemieux–Johnson oxidation, which uses periodate to achieve diol cleavage and to regenerate the catalytic loading of OsO4. This process is equivalent to that of ozonolysis.
Coordination chemistry
OsO4 is a Lewis acid and a mild oxidant. It reacts with alkaline aqueous solution to give the perosmate anion OsO4(OH)22−.[15] This species is easily reduced to osmate anion, OsO2(OH)44−.
When the Lewis base is an amine, adducts are also formed. Thus OsO4 can be stored in the form of osmeth, in which OsO4 is complexed with hexamine. Osmeth can be dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and diluted in an aqueous buffer solution to make a dilute (0.25%) working solution of OsO4.[16]
With tert-BuNH2, the imido derivative is produced:
- OsO4 + Me3CNH2 → OsO3(NCMe3) + H2O
Similarly, with NH3 one obtains the nitrido complex:
- OsO4 + NH3 + KOH → K[Os(N)O3] + 2 H2O
The [Os(N)O3]− anion is isoelectronic and isostructural with OsO4.
OsO4 is very soluble in tert-butyl alcohol. In solution, it is readily reduced by hydrogen to osmium metal. The suspended osmium metal can be used to catalyze hydrogenation of a wide variety of organic chemicals containing double or triple bonds.
- OsO4 + 4 H2 → Os + 4 H2O
OsO4 undergoes "reductive carbonylation" with carbon monoxide in methanol at 400 K and 200 bar of pressure to produce the triangular cluster Os3(CO)12:
- 3 OsO4 + 24 CO → Os3(CO)12 + 12 CO2[11]
Oxofluorides
Osmium forms several oxofluorides, all of which are very sensitive to moisture. Purple cis-OsO2F4 forms at 77 K in an anhydrous HF solution:[17]
- OsO4 + 2 KrF2 → cis-OsO2F4 + 2 Kr + O2
OsO4 also reacts with F2 to form yellow OsO3F2:[18]
- 2 OsO4 + 2 F2 → 2 OsO3F2 + O2
OsO4 reacts with one equivalent of [Me4N]F at 298 K and 2 equivalents at 253 K:[11]
- OsO4 + [Me4N]F → [Me4N][OsO4F]
- OsO4 + 2 [Me4N]F → [Me4N]2[cis-OsO4F2]
Uses
Organic synthesis
In organic synthesis OsO4 is widely used to oxidise alkenes to the vicinal diols, adding two hydroxyl groups at the same side (syn addition). See reaction and mechanism above. This reaction has been made both catalytic (Upjohn dihydroxylation) and asymmetric (Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation).
Osmium(VIII) oxide is also used in catalytic amounts in the Sharpless oxyamination to give vicinal amino-alcohols.
In combination with sodium periodate, OsO4 is used for the oxidative cleavage of alkenes (Lemieux-Johnson oxidation) when the periodate serves both to cleave the diol formed by dihydroxylation, and to reoxidize the OsO3 back to OsO4. The net transformation is identical to that produced by ozonolysis. Below an example from the total synthesis of Isosteviol.[19]
Biological staining
Electron micrograph of (organic) plant tissue without (top) and with OsO4 staining
OsO4 is a widely used staining agent used in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to provide contrast to the image.[20] As a lipid stain, it is also useful in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as an alternative to sputter coating. It embeds a heavy metal directly into cell membranes, creating a high electron scattering rate without the need for coating the membrane with a layer of metal, which can obscure details of the cell membrane. In the staining of the plasma membrane, osmium(VIII) oxide binds phospholipid head regions, thus creating contrast with the neighbouring protoplasm (cytoplasm). Additionally, osmium(VIII) oxide is also used for fixing biological samples in conjunction with HgCl2. Its rapid killing abilities are used to quickly kill live specimens such as protozoa. OsO4 stabilizes many proteins by transforming them into gels without destroying structural features. Tissue proteins that are stabilized by OsO4 are not coagulated by alcohols during dehydration.[14] Osmium(VIII) oxide is also used as a stain for lipids in optical microscopy.[21] OsO4 also stains the human cornea (see safety considerations).
A sample of cells fixed/stained with osmium tetroxide (black) embedded in epoxy resin (amber). The cells are black as a result of the effects of osmium tetroxide.
Polymer staining
It is also used to stain copolymers preferentially, the best known example being block copolymers where one phase can be stained so as to show the microstructure of the material. For example, styrene-butadiene block copolymers have a central polybutadiene chain with polystyrene end caps. When treated with OsO4, the butadiene matrix reacts preferentially and so absorbs the oxide. The presence of a heavy metal is sufficient to block the electron beam, so the polystyrene domains are seen clearly in thin films in TEM.
Osmium ore refining
OsO4 is an intermediate in the extraction of osmium from its ores. Osmium-containing residues are treated with sodium peroxide (Na2O2) forming Na2[OsO4(OH)2], which is soluble. When exposed to chlorine, this salt gives OsO4. In the final stages of refining, crude OsO4 is dissolved in alcoholic NaOH forming Na2[OsO2(OH)4], which, when treated with NH4Cl, to give (NH4)4[OsO2Cl2]. This salt is reduced under hydrogen to give osmium.[8]
Buckminsterfullerene adduct
OsO4 allowed for the confirmation of the soccer ball model of buckminsterfullerene, a 60 atom carbon allotrope. The adduct, formed from a derivative of OsO4, was C60(OsO4)(4-tert-butylpyridine)2. The adduct broke the fullerene's symmetry allowing for crystallization and confirmation of the structure of C60 by X-ray crystallography.[22]
Safety considerations
Label with poison warning
OsO4 is highly poisonous, even at low exposure levels, and must be handled with appropriate precautions. In particular, inhalation at concentrations well below those at which a smell can be perceived can lead to pulmonary edema and subsequent death. Noticeable symptoms can take hours to appear after exposure.
OsO4 also stains the human cornea, which can lead to blindness if proper safety precautions are not observed. The permissible exposure limit for osmium(VIII) oxide (8 hour time-weighted average) is 200 µg/m3.[7] Osmium(VIII) oxide can penetrate plastics and therefore is stored in glass under refrigeration.[14]
On April 6, 2004 British intelligence sources believed they had foiled a plot to detonate a bomb involving OsO4.[23] Experts interviewed by New Scientist affirmed osmium(VIII) oxide's toxicity, though some highlighted the difficulties of using it in a weapon: osmium(VIII) oxide is very expensive. The osmium(VIII) oxide may be destroyed by the blast; remaining toxic fumes may also be dispersed by the blast.[24]
References
- ^ "Osmium tetroxide ICSC: 0528". InChem.
- ^ a b c d "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards #0473". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ a b c Krebs, B.; Hasse, K. D. (1976). "Refinements of the Crystal Structures of KTcO4, KReO4 and OsO4. The Bond Lengths in Tetrahedral Oxo-Anions and Oxides of d0 Transition Metals". Acta Crystallographica B. 32 (5): 1334–1337. doi:10.1107/S056774087600530X.
- ^ "Osmium tetroxide (as Os)". Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ Girolami, Gregory (2012). "Osmium weighs". Nature Chemistry. 4: 954. doi:10.1038/nchem.1479.
- ^ Cotton and Wilkinson, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, p.1002
- ^ a b "Osmium tetroxide (as Os)". Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLHs). Centers for Disease Control.
- ^ a b Thompson, M. "Osmium tetroxide (OsO4)". Bristol University. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
- ^ Butler, I. S.; Harrod, J. F. (1989). Inorganic Chemistry: Principles and Applications. Benjamin / Cummings. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-8053-0247-9. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
- ^ Cotton, F. A. (2007). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (6th ed.). New Delhi, India: J. Wiley. p. 1002. ISBN 978-81-265-1338-3.
- ^ a b c Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2004). Inorganic Chemistry (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. pp. 671–673, 710. ISBN 978-0130399137.
- ^ Ogino, Y.; Chen, H.; Kwong, H.-L.; Sharpless, K. B. (1991). "On the timing of hydrolysis / reoxidation in the osmium-catalyzed asymmetric dihydroxylation of olefins using potassium ferricyanide as the reoxidant". Tetrahedron Letters. 32 (32): 3965–3968. doi:10.1016/0040-4039(91)80601-2.
- ^ Berrisford, D. J.; Bolm, C.; Sharpless, K. B. (1995). "Ligand-Accelerated Catalysis". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 34 (10): 1059–1070. doi:10.1002/anie.199510591.
- ^ a b c Hayat, M. A. (2000). Principles and Techniques of Electron Microscopy: Biological Applications. Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–61. ISBN 0-521-63287-0.
- ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.
- ^ Kiernan, J. A. "Re: "Disposal" of Osmium Tetroxide "Waste"". Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario.
- ^ Christe, K. O.; Dixon, D. A.; Mack, H. G.; Oberhammer, H.; Pagelot, A.; Sanders, J. C. P.; Schrobilgen, G. J. (1993). "Osmium tetrafluoride dioxide, cis-OsO2F4". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 115 (24): 11279–11284. doi:10.1021/ja00077a029.
- ^ Cotton, S. A. (1997). Chemistry of Precious Metals. London: Chapman and Hall. ISBN 0-7514-0413-6.
- ^ Snider, B. B.; Kiselgof, J. Y.; Foxman, B. M. (1998). "Total Syntheses of (±)-Isosteviol and (±)-Beyer-15-ene-3β,19-diol by Manganese(III)-Based Oxidative Quadruple Free-Radical Cyclization". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 63 (22): 7945–7952. doi:10.1021/jo981238x.
- ^ Bozzola, J. J.; Russell, L. D. (1999). "Specimen Preparation for Transmission Electron Microscopy". Electron Microscopy : Principles and Techniques for Biologists. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett. pp. 21–31. ISBN 978-0-7637-0192-5.
- ^ Di Scipio, F.; Raimondo, S.; Tos, P.; Geuna, S. (2008). "A simple protocol for paraffin-embedded myelin sheath staining with osmium(VIII) oxide for light microscope observation". Microscopy Research and Technique. 71 (7): 497–502. doi:10.1002/jemt.20577. PMID 18320578.
- ^ Hawkins, J. M.; Meyer, A.; Lewis, T. A.; Loren, S.; Hollander, F. J. (1991). "Crystal Structure of Osmylated C60: Confirmation of the Soccer Ball Framework". Science. 252 (5003): 312–313. doi:10.1126/science.252.5003.312. PMID 17769278.
- ^ "Chemical 'bomb plot' in UK foiled". BBC News. 2004-04-06.
- ^ Bhattacharya, S. (2004-04-07). "Experts divided over poison bomb claim". New Scientist.
External links
- International Chemical Safety Card 0528
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
- CDC - Osmium Tetroxide - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic
- BBC report on bomb plot
- BBC What is Osmium tetroxide article
- Osmium Tetroxide: Molecule of the Month
- Chemical Reactions
Osmium compounds
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| Os(0) |
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| Os(0,I) |
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| Os(I) |
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| Os(I,II) |
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| Os(II) |
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| Os(IV) |
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| Os(VI) |
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| Os(VIII) |
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Oxides
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| Mixed oxidation states |
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| +1 oxidation state |
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| +2 oxidation state |
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| +3 oxidation state |
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| +4 oxidation state |
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| +5 oxidation state |
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| +6 oxidation state |
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| +7 oxidation state |
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| +8 oxidation state |
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| Related |
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Oxides are sorted by oxidation state. Category:Oxides
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UpToDate Contents
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Related Links
- 概要 触媒量の四酸化オスミウムと再酸化剤共存下、アルケンをcis–vic-ジオールへと変換する反応。きわめて穏和に進行 ... 四酸化オスミウム Osmium Tetroxide (OsO4) | Chem-Station (ケムステ)： 概要 触媒量の四酸化オスミウムと再酸化剤 ...
- Sigma-Aldrich offers Sigma-Aldrich-201030, Osmium tetroxide for your research needs. Find product specific information including CAS, MSDS, protocols and references. ... Other Notes A -D suffix exists for administrative purposes ...
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