optic nerve disease

• 視神経疾患

関

Foster-Kennedy syndrome、optic neuropathy

WordNet

1. an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning
2. any bundle of nerve fibers running to various organs and tissues of the body (同)nervus
3. caused by or altered by or manifesting disease or pathology; "diseased tonsils"; "a morbid growth"; "pathologic tissue"; "pathological bodily processes" (同)morbid, pathologic, pathological
4. optical properties; "the optics of a telescope"
5. the branch of physics that studies the physical properties of light

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (体の)『病気』,疾患 / (精神・道徳などの)病気,病弊
2. 女性の話術芸人 =diseur
3. 〈C〉『神経』 / 〈C〉《複数形で》『神経過敏』,いらだち / 〈U〉『勇気』,度胸(courage) / 〈U〉《時にa ~》厚かましさ,ずぶとさ;無礼 / 〈C〉葉脈;(昆虫の)翅脈(しみゃく) / 〈人,特に自分〉‘に'力を与える,‘を'元気づける
4. 病気にかかった / 病的な,不健全な(morbid)
5. 光学
6. (・・・を)選ぶ《+『for』+『名』》;(・・・するほうを)選ぶ《+『to』 do》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/07/30 21:14:48」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Optic Nerve.

Optic Nerve
The left optic nerve and the optic tracts.
Details
Identifiers
Latin	nervus opticus
MeSH	A08.800.800.120.680
TA	A14.2.01.006 A15.2.04.024
FMA	50863
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy [edit on Wikidata]

Cranial nerves
CN 0 – Terminal CN I – Olfactory CN II – Optic CN III – Oculomotor CN IV – Trochlear CN V (1,2,3) – Trigeminal CN VI – Abducens CN VII – Facial CN VIII – Vestibulocochlear CN IX – Glossopharyngeal CN X – Vagus CN XI – Accessory CN XII – Hypoglossal
Overview Table

The optic nerve, also known as cranial nerve II, is a paired nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. The optic nerve is derived from optic stalks during the seventh week of development and is composed of retinal ganglion cell axons and glial cells. In humans, the optic nerve extends from the optic disc to the optic chiasm and continues as the optic tract to the lateral geniculate nucleus, pretectal nuclei, and superior colliculus.

Structure

The optic nerve is the second of twelve paired cranial nerves and is technically part of the central nervous system, rather than the peripheral nervous system because it is derived from an out-pouching of the diencephalon (optic stalks) during embryonic development. As a consequence, the fibers of the optic nerve are covered with myelin produced by oligodendrocytes, rather than Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system, and are encased within the meninges. Peripheral neuropathies like Guillain-Barré syndrome do not affect the optic nerve. However, most typically the optic nerve is grouped with the other eleven cranial nerves and considered to be part of the peripheral nervous system.

Dissection of Optic Nerve from above showing parts. Courtesy Dr. John B. Selhorst

The optic nerve is ensheathed in all three meningeal layers (dura, arachnoid, and pia mater) rather than the epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium found in peripheral nerves. Fiber tracts of the mammalian central nervous system (as opposed to the peripheral nervous system) are incapable of regeneration, and, hence, optic nerve damage produces irreversible blindness. The fibres from the retina run along the optic nerve to nine primary visual nuclei in the brain, from which a major relay inputs into the primary visual cortex.

A Fundus photograph showing the back of the retina. The white circle is the beginning of the optical nerve.

The optic nerve is composed of retinal ganglion cell axons and glial cells. Each human optic nerve contains between 770,000 and 1.7 million nerve fibers, which are axons of the retinal ganglion cells of one retina. In the fovea, which has high acuity, these ganglion cells connect to as few as 5 photoreceptor cells; in other areas of retina, they connect to many thousand photoreceptors.

The optic nerve leaves the orbit (eye socket) via the optic canal, running postero-medially towards the optic chiasm, where there is a partial decussation (crossing) of fibres from the temporal visual fields (the nasal hemi-retina) of both eyes. The proportion of decussating fibers varies between species, and is correlated with the degree of binocular vision enjoyed by a species. Most of the axons of the optic nerve terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus from where information is relayed to the visual cortex, while other axons terminate in the pretectal nucleus and are involved in reflexive eye movements. Other axons terminate in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Its diameter increases from about 1.6 mm within the eye to 3.5 mm in the orbit to 4.5 mm within the cranial space. The optic nerve component lengths are 1 mm in the globe, 24 mm in the orbit, 9 mm in the optic canal, and 16 mm in the cranial space before joining the optic chiasm. There, partial decussation occurs, and about 53% of the fibers cross to form the optic tracts. Most of these fibres terminate in the lateral geniculate body.

Based on this anatomy, the optic nerve may be divided in the four parts as indicated in the image at the top of this section (this view is from above as if you were looking into the orbit after the top of the skull had been removed): 1. the optic head (which is where it begins in the eyeball (globe) with fibers from the retina; 2. orbital part (which is the part within the orbit). 3. intracanicular part (which is the part within a bony canal known as the optic canal); and, 4. cranial part (the part within the cranial cavity, which ends at the optic chiasm).

From the lateral geniculate body, fibers of the optic radiation pass to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe of the brain. In more specific terms, fibers carrying information from the contralateral superior visual field traverse Meyer's loop to terminate in the lingual gyrus below the calcarine fissure in the occipital lobe, and fibers carrying information from the contralateral inferior visual field terminate more superiorly, to the cuneus.

Function

The optic nerve transmits all visual information including brightness perception, color perception and contrast (visual acuity). It also conducts the visual impulses that are responsible for two important neurological reflexes: the light reflex and the accommodation reflex. The light reflex refers to the constriction of both pupils that occurs when light is shone into either eye; the accommodation reflex refers to the swelling of the lens of eye that occurs when one looks at a near object as in reading (lens adjusts to near vision).

The eye's blind spot is a result of the absence of photoreceptors in the area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye.

Clinical significance

Disease

Main article: List of eye diseases and disorders

Damage to the optic nerve typically causes permanent and potentially severe loss of vision, as well as an abnormal pupillary reflex, which is diagnostically important. The type of visual field loss will depend on which portions of the optic nerve were damaged. In general:

• Damage to the optic nerve anterior to the optic chiasm causes loss of vision in the eye on the same side as the damage.
• Damage at the optic chiasm typically causes loss of vision laterally in both visual fields (bitemporal hemianopsia). It may occur with large pituitary tumors pituitary adenoma. (see image on right of Paris seen with bitemporal hemianopsia)

Paris views showing vision with loss of both temporal visual fields

• Damage to the optic tract, which is behind (posterior) to the chiasm, causes loss of the entire visual field from the side opposite the damage (so if the left optic track is cut, there is a loss of vision from the entire right visual field).

Injury to the optic nerve can be the result of congenital or inheritable problems like Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy, glaucoma, trauma, toxicity, inflammation, ischemia, infection (very rarely), or compression from tumors or aneurysms. By far, the three most common injuries to the optic nerve are from glaucoma, optic neuritis (especially in those younger than 50 years of age), and anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (usually in those older than 50).

Glaucoma is a group of diseases involving loss of retinal ganglion cells causing optic neuropathy in a pattern of peripheral vision loss, initially sparing central vision. Glaucoma is associated with increased intraocular pressure that damages the optic nerve as it exits the eyeball. Although glaucoma does eventually damage the optic nerve, it is primarily a disease of eye not of the nerve.

Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve. It is associated with a number of diseases, the most notable one being multiple sclerosis. The patient will likely experience varying vision loss and eye pain. The condition tends to be episodic.

Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy is commonly known as "stroke of the optic nerve" and affects the optic nerve head. There is usually a sudden loss of blood supply and nutrients to the optic nerve head (where the nerve exits the eyeball). Vision loss is typically sudden and most commonly occurs upon waking up in the morning. This condition is most common in diabetic patients 40–70 years old.

Optic nerve hypoplasia is the underdevelopment of the optic nerve resulting in little to no vision in the affected eye.

Tumors, especially those of the pituitary gland, can put pressure on the optic nerve causing various forms of visual loss. Similarly, cerebral aneurysms (swelling of blood vessels) can also affect the nerve.

Trauma can cause serious injury to the nerve. Direct optic nerve injury can occur from a penetrating injury to the orbit, but the nerve can also be injured by indirect trauma in which severe head impact or movement stretches or even tears the nerve

Ophthalmologists and optometrists can detect and diagnose some optic nerve diseases but neuro-ophthalmologists are often best suited to diagnose and treat diseases of the optic nerve.

The International Foundation for Optic Nerve Diseases (IFOND) sponsors research and provides information on a variety of optic nerve disorders.

Regeneration

Similar to other CNS tracts, the optic has very limited regenerative potential after injury. However, some new techniques are being developed to increase this potential.

Additional images

• MRI scan of human eye showing optic nerve.

• The ophthalmic artery and its branches. (optic nerve is yellow)

• Superficial dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.

• Dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.

• Scheme showing central connections of the optic nerves and optic tracts.

• Nerves of the orbit. Seen from above.

• Nerves of the orbit, and the ciliary ganglion. Side view.

• The terminal portion of the optic nerve and its entrance into the eyeball, in horizontal section.

• Structures of the eye labeled

• This image shows another labeled view of the structures of the eye

• Optic nerve.Deep dissection.Inferior view.

• Optic nerve.Deep dissection.Inferior view.

• Optic nerve

• Optic nerve

• Human brain dura mater (reflections)

• Optic nerve

• Optic nerve

• Optic nerve

• Cerebrum.Inferior view.Deep dissection

• Cerebral peduncle, optic chasm, cerebral aqueduct. Inferior view. Deep dissection.

See also

This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.

• Cranial nerve

References

External links

• The optic nerve on MRI
• Stained brain slice images which include the "optic%20nerve" at the BrainMaps project
• IFOND
• online case history - Optic nerve analysis with both scanning laser polarimetry with variable corneal compensation (GDx VCC) and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (HRT II - Heidelberg Retina Tomograph). Also includes actual fundus photos.
• Animations of extraocular cranial nerve and muscle function and damage (University of Liverpool)
• lesson3 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (orbit4)
• cranialnerves at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (II)
• Notes on Optic Nerve

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 視神経症 optic neuropathies
• 2. 視神経膠腫 optic pathway glioma
• 3. 一過性黒内障（一過性単眼または両眼視力低下） amaurosis fugax transient monocular or binocular visual loss
• 4. 非動脈炎性前部虚血性視神経症：臨床的特徴および診断 nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy clinical features and diagnosis
• 5. 急性持続性視力喪失が認められた成人に対するアプローチ approach to the adult with acute persistent visual loss

English Journal

• Dynamics of angiogenesis during murine retinal development: a coupled in vivo and in silico study.

• Watson MG, McDougall SR, Chaplain MA, Devlin AH, Mitchell CA.SourceInstitute of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, , Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
• Journal of the Royal Society, Interface / the Royal Society.J R Soc Interface.2012 Sep 7;9(74):2351-64. Epub 2012 Mar 21.
• The manner in which the superficial retinal vascular plexus (RVP) develops in neonatal wild-type mice is relatively well documented and poses an interesting challenge to the mathematical modelling community. Prior to birth, astrocyte sprouting and proliferation begin around the edge of the optic ner
• PMID 22438490

• Identification and characterization of DSCAM isoforms isolated from orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides.

• Yeh YC, Lee CW, Pan YW, Hsu YJ, Hung HY, Chen YM, Lin HY, Chen TY, Yang HL, Wang HC.SourceInstitute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
• Developmental and comparative immunology.Dev Comp Immunol.2012 Sep;38(1):148-59. Epub 2012 May 22.
• The Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM), an immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily member, was first identified from human and subsequently isolated from both vertebrates and invertebrates. Recent studies have shown that the DSCAM molecule serves diverse functions in neurodevelopment, such as axon
• PMID 22627126

Japanese Journal

• Neuroprotective effects of VCP modulators in mouse models of glaucoma

• Heliyon 2(4), 2016-04
• NAID 120005753824

• 視力低下と眼瞼下垂,複視を呈し,眼筋と視神経に病変の見られた特発性眼窩炎症の1例

• 高知県医師会医学雑誌 = Journal of Kochi Medical Association 21(1), 250-255, 2016
• NAID 40020823573

• Onodi cellに主病変を有し，視力障害をきたした鼻副鼻腔真菌症例

• 日本鼻科学会会誌 55(1), 7-12, 2016
• NAID 130005149444

Related Links

• Optic Nerve, Optic nerve disorder symptoms, causes ...

Optic Nerve Disease, optical nerve eye problems ... The optic nerve is part of the body’s central nervous system. It is the second of a dozen pairs of cranial nerves. When you are diagnosed with an optic nerve ...

• Ischemic Optic Neuropathy, optic nerve disease, optic nerve ...

Ischemic Optic Neuropathy is a kind of optic nerve disease that has to do with the blood flow from the brain. As we all know, the blood is what carries oxygen and nutrients to different parts of our body. In this case, the ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「フォスター・ケネディ症候群」「視神経疾患」
関連記事	「disease」「opt」「nerve」「optic」「optics」

「フォスター・ケネディ症候群」

　　[★]

英

Foster-Kennedy syndrome, Foster Kennedy syndrome, Foster Kennedy's syndrome

同

フォスター・ケネディー症候群、Foster-Kennedy症候群

ケネディ症候群 Kennedy syndrome

関

視神経症、視神経疾患、optic nerve disease、optic neuropathy

[show details]

フォスター・ケネディー症候群 : 34 件
フォスター・ケネディ症候群 : 40 件

• 同側視神経萎縮と対側乳頭浮腫
• 前頭葉下面の病変、つまり前頭葉に局在し視神経を圧迫するような病変によって生じる。
• 視神経の圧迫病変により同側の視神経を障害し、中心暗点、視神経萎縮を呈する。嗅覚脱失もありうる。脳圧が亢進すれば、対側のみ乳頭浮腫をきたすようになる。
• 前頭葉の神経膠腫、嗅窩部の髄膜腫などによる。

「視神経疾患」

　　[★]

英

optic nerve disease

関

視神経症、フォスター・ケネディー症候群

「disease」

　　[★]

• n.

疾患：illnessより厳密な概念。「ある臓器に明確な障害が確認され、それによって症状が出ているとはっきり説明できる場合」 (PSY.9)

特定の原因、病態生理、症状、経過、予後、病理組織所見が全てそろった場合 (PSY.9)

• something that is very wrong with people's attitudes, way of life or with society.

関

ail、ailment、disease entity、disorder、ill、illness、malady、sick、sickness

• 注意

disease ≠ illness ≠ disorder

　 　 　

「opt」

　　[★]

• v.

• 選ぶ、選択する

関

choice、choose、elect、elective、option、optional、prefer、select、selection、selective

　

「nerve」

　　[★]

• n.

• 神経

関

nervi、nervous、nervus、neural、neuro、neuron

　 　

「optic」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 視覚性の、視覚の

関

ocular、vision、visual

　

「optics」

　　[★]

• 光学、オプティクス

関

optical