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an agent that triggers mitosis

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/11/29 15:38:44」(JST)

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Use in immunology[edit]

B cells can enter mitosis when they encounter an antigen matching their immunoglobulin.

Mitogens are often used to stimulate lymphocytes and therefore assess immune function.

The most commonly used mitogens in clinical laboratory medicine are:

Name	Acts upon T cells?	Acts upon B cells?
phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)	yes	no
concanavalin A (conA)	yes	no
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)	no	yes
pokeweed mitogen (PWM)	yes	yes

Lipopolysaccharide toxin from gram-negative bacteria is thymus-independent. They may directly activate B cells, regardless of their antigenic specificity.

Plasma cells are terminally differentiated and, therefore, cannot undergo mitosis. Memory B cells can proliferate to produce more memory cells or plasma B cells. This is how the mitogen works, that is, by inducing mitosis in memory B cells to cause them to divide, with some becoming plasma cells.

Mitogens in human physiology[edit]

Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 mediates the major growth-promoting effect of Human Growth Hormone as a paracrine agent at growth plates in the skeletal system. another example for mitogen agent is G-CSF.

Other uses[edit]

Mitogens also induce the activity of the PTGS2 enzyme.

External links[edit]

Mitogens at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Mitogen at eMedicine Dictionary

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UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Microbial lectins and their prospective mitogenic potential.

Singh RS, Walia AK.Author information Carbohydrate and Protein Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University , Patiala 147 002, Punjab , India.AbstractAbstract The binding of mitogenic lectins to the glycoconjugates on cell surface receptor triggers multitude of reactions involving different signal transduction pathways which ultimately results in cell proliferation. Since 1960 after the chance discovery of mitogenic property of lectins by Nowell, it has attracted more attention. The property of stimulation of mature lymphocytes aided the immunological investigations to study and analyse the mechanism of cell stimulation and division. Plant lectins are extensively studied for mitogenic activity and their widespread applications are also reported. During the past two decades, the study of biological properties of microbial lectins has increased tremendously. Their biological activities including mitogenic potential are equally applicable as that of plant lectins. The review mainly focuses on mitogenic potential of microbial lectins. It will provide a comprehensive view regarding distribution of this remarkable property among microbes including algae, fungi and bacteria, mechanisms and models of mitogenic stimulation, and also assays being employed to detect the mitogenic activity.
Critical reviews in microbiology.Crit Rev Microbiol.2014 Nov;40(4):329-47. doi: 10.3109/1040841X.2012.733680. Epub 2012 Dec 6.
Abstract The binding of mitogenic lectins to the glycoconjugates on cell surface receptor triggers multitude of reactions involving different signal transduction pathways which ultimately results in cell proliferation. Since 1960 after the chance discovery of mitogenic property of lectins by Nowell,
PMID 23215777

Biochanin A reduces pancreatic cancer survival and progression.

Bhardwaj V, Tadinada SM, Jain A, Sehdev V, Daniels CK, Lai JC, Bhushan A.Author information aDepartment of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee bDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa cDepartment of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky dDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Long Island University, Brookville, New York eDepartment of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho fDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jefferson School of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.AbstractPancreatic cancer has dismally low mean survival rates worldwide. Only a few chemotherapeutic agents including gemcitabine have been shown to improve the survival of pancreatic cancer patients. Biochanin A, an isoflavone, is known to exert an anticancer effect on various cancer types. In this study, we examined the anticancer properties of biochanin A on pancreatic cancer cells. The effect of biochanin A on cellular survival, apoptosis, and proliferation was analyzed using MTT, flow cytometry, and colony formation assay. The effect of biochanin A on pancreatic cancer's mitogenic signaling was determined using western blot analysis. Migration assay and zymography were used to determine biochanin A's effect on pancreatic cancer progression. Biochanin A induced dose-dependent toxicity on pancreatic cancer cells (Panc1 and AsPC-1). It reduced colony formation ability of Panc1 cells and induced dose-dependent apoptosis. Activation of Akt and MAPK was inhibited. Furthermore, the migratory and invasive potential of the cancer cells was also reduced. The results suggest that biochanin A is effective in reducing pancreatic cancer cell survival by inhibiting their proliferation and inducing apoptosis. It affects mitogenic, migratory, and invasive processes involved in cancer progression. These findings may lead to novel approaches to treat pancreatic cancer using isoflavones in combination with other therapeutic drugs.
Anti-cancer drugs.Anticancer Drugs.2014 Mar;25(3):296-302. doi: 10.1097/CAD.0000000000000044.
Pancreatic cancer has dismally low mean survival rates worldwide. Only a few chemotherapeutic agents including gemcitabine have been shown to improve the survival of pancreatic cancer patients. Biochanin A, an isoflavone, is known to exert an anticancer effect on various cancer types. In this study,
PMID 24201306

Papillomavirus-associated squamous skin cancers following transplant immunosuppression: one Notch closer to control.

Connolly K, Manders P, Earls P, Epstein RJ.Author information Department of Oncology, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, UNSW Clinical School, Sydney, Australia.AbstractThe frequent occurrence of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) containing weakly tumorigenic human papillomaviruses (HPVs) following iatrogenic immunosuppression for organ transplantation remains incompletely understood. Here we address this problem in the light of recent insights into (1) the association of low-risk β-HPVs with skin SCCs in the rare genetic syndromes of epidermodysplasia verruciformis and xeroderma pigmentosum, (2) the frequent recovery of post-transplant tumor control on substituting calcineurin-inhibitory with mTOR-inhibitory immunosuppression, (3) the unexpectedly favorable prognosis of node-positive SCCs containing high-risk α-HPVs originating in the activated immune niche of the oropharynx, (4) the rapid occurrence of HPV-negative SCCs in ultraviolet (UV)-damaged skin of melanoma patients receiving Raf-inhibitory drugs, and (5) the selective ability of β-HPV E6 oncoproteins to inhibit Notch tumor-suppressive signaling in cutaneous and mesenchymal tissues. The crosstalk so implied between oncogenic UV-induced mutations, defective host immunity, and β-HPV-dependent stromal-epithelial signaling suggests that immunosuppressants such as calcineurin inhibitors intensify mitogenic signalling in TP53-mutant keratinocytes while also abrogating immune-dependent Notch-mediated tumor repression. This emerging interplay between solar damage, viral homeostasis and immune control makes it timely to reappraise strategies for managing skin SCCs in transplant patients.
Cancer treatment reviews.Cancer Treat Rev.2014 Mar;40(2):205-14. doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.08.005. Epub 2013 Aug 22.
The frequent occurrence of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) containing weakly tumorigenic human papillomaviruses (HPVs) following iatrogenic immunosuppression for organ transplantation remains incompletely understood. Here we address this problem in the light of recent insights into (1) the
PMID 24051018

Japanese Journal

インスリンの構造 : 機能連関解析とインスリン製剤開発への応用 (特集蛋白構造 : 機能連関解析と治療薬開発への応用)

下田将司,加来浩平
内分泌・糖尿病・代謝内科 35(6), 533-539, 2012-12-00
NAID 40019554266

Twists in views on RB functions in cellular signaling, metabolism and stem cells

Takahashi Chiaki,Sasaki Nobunari,Kitajima Shunsuke
Cancer Science 103(7), 1182-1188, 2012-07-00
… Various mitogenic and cytostatic cellular signals appeared to modulate pRB functions and thus affect a wide variety of effector molecules. …
NAID 120004161539

Evaluation Methods for Facilitative Glucose Transport in Cells and Their Applications

YAMAMOTO Norio,ASHIDA Hitoshi
Food Science and Technology Research 18(4), 493-503, 2012
Glucose is used as an energy source in most organisms, from bacteria to humans. The facilitative glucose transport systems are ubiquitous in living cells and are responsible for the movement of glucos …
NAID 130002538050