WordNet

an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning
caused by or altered by or manifesting disease or pathology; "diseased tonsils"; "a morbid growth"; "pathologic tissue"; "pathological bodily processes" (同)morbid, pathologic, pathological

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(体の)『病気』,疾患 / (精神・道徳などの)病気,病弊
女性の話術芸人 =diseur
病気にかかった / 病的な,不健全な(morbid)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/06/19 10:44:12」(JST)

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The mediastinum is an undelineated group of structures in the thorax, surrounded by loose connective tissue. It is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity. It contains the heart, the great vessels of the heart, the esophagus, the trachea, the phrenic nerve, the cardiac nerve, the thoracic duct, the thymus, and the lymph nodes of the central chest.

Anatomy[edit]

The mediastinum lies between the right and left pleura in and near the median sagittal plane of the chest. It extends from the sternum in front to the vertebral column behind, and contains all the thoracic viscera except the lungs. It may be divided for purposes of description into two parts:

an upper portion, above the upper level of the pericardium, which is named the superior mediastinum with its superior limit at the superior thoracic aperture and its inferior limit at the plane from the sternal angle to the disc of T4-T5 (Plane of Ludwig at Angle of Louis);
and a lower portion, below the upper level of the pericardium. This lower portion is subdivided into three parts, viz.:
- that in front of the pericardium, the anterior mediastinum;
- that containing the pericardium and its contents, the middle mediastinum;
- and that behind the pericardium, the posterior mediastinum.

It is surrounded by the chest wall anteriorly, the lungs laterally and the spine posteriorly. It is continuous with the loose connective tissue of the neck, and extends inferiorly onto the diaphragm.

Note that clinical radiologists and anatomists categorize the mediastinum in slightly different ways.

Role in disease[edit]

The mediastinum is frequently the site of involvement of various tumors.

Mediastinitis is inflammation of the tissues in the mediastinum, usually bacterial and due to rupture of organs in the mediastinum. As the infection can progress very quickly, this is a serious condition.

Pneumomediastinum is the presence of air in the mediastinum, which in some cases can lead to pneumothorax, pneumoperitoneum, and pneumopericardium if left untreated. However, that does not always occur and sometimes those conditions are actually the cause, not the result, of pneumomediastinum. These conditions frequently accompany Boerhaave's syndrome, or spontaneous esophageal rupture.

There are many diseases that can present with a widened mediastinum (usually found via a chest x-ray). The most common ones are aortic unfolding, traumatic aortic rupture, thoracic aortic aneurysm, and traumatic thoracic vertebral fracture. With infectious etiologies, a widened mediastinum is a classic hallmark sign of anthrax infection.

Mediastinal masses by location:

Anterior mediastinum: Substernal thyroid goiters, lymphoma, thymoma and teratoma. Middle mediastinum: Lymphadenopathy, metastatic disease such as from small cell carcinoma from the lung. Posterior mediastinum: Neurogenic tumors, either from the nerve sheath (mostly benign) or elsewhence (mostly malignant).

External links[edit]

Look up mediastinum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

1691353147 at GPnotebook
SUNY Figs 21:01-03 - "Divisions of the mediastinum."
SUNY Figs 21:02-03 - "The anatomical divisions of the inferior mediastinum."
thoraxlesson3 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) - "Subdivisions of the Thoracic Cavity"
mediastinum at eMedicine Dictionary
Anatomy at MUN thorax/media

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Screening Hodgkin lymphoma survivors for radiotherapy induced cardiovascular disease.

van Leeuwen-Segarceanu EM, Bos WJ, Dorresteijn LD, Rensing BJ, der Heyden JA, Vogels OJ, Biesma DH.SourceDepartment of Internal Medicine, St. Antonius Hospital, Koekoekslaan 1, 3435 CM Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
Cancer treatment reviews.Cancer Treat Rev.2011 Aug;37(5):391-403. Epub 2011 Feb 18.
Long term prognosis of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) survivors is affected by late toxicity of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Cardiovascular complications of radiotherapy have been shown to have a great impact on the long term survival. The aim of this review is to summarize the available data on different
PMID 21333452

Impact of [(18)F]Fluorodeoxyglucose PET-CT Staging on Treatment Planning in Radiotherapy Incorporating Elective Nodal Irradiation for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Prospective Study.

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International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.2011 Jul 15;80(4):1008-14. Epub 2010 Jul 23.
PMID 20656419

Japanese Journal

Clinical Significance of Propionibacterium acnes in the Formation of Noncaseating Epithelioid-Cell Granulomas of the Mediastinal Lymph Nodes and Lung in Patients with Lung Cancer:Differential Diagnosis Between Sarcoid Reactions and Sarcoidosis

Fukushima Yasutsugu,Watanabe Mineaki,Yoshida Naruo,Ikeda Naoya,Onishi Shogo,Nomura Yushi,Hirata Hirokuni,Sugiyama Kumiya,Fukuda Takeshi
Dokkyo journal of medical sciences 40(1), 1-7, 2013-03-25
… Objectives:Sarcoidosis is a systemic noncaseating epithelioid-cell granulomatous disease of unknown origin.Granulomas occurring around malignant tumors and regional lymph nodes can be caused by sarcoid reactions.The mechanisms underlying sarcoidosis and sarcoid reactions remain unclear. …
NAID 110009560902

INTRAOPERATIVE DETECTION OF LYMPH NODE MICROMETASTASIS USING A RAPID IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING METHOD IN NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER

Kawaharada Yasushi,Minamiya Yoshihiro,Nanjo Hirosi,Saito Hajime,Konno Hayato,Kagaya Masam,Akagami Yo-ichi,Motoyama Satoru,Ogawa Jun-ichi
秋田医学 39(2), 73-79, 2013-02-28
… Nodal micrometastasis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is associated with a poorer survival rate than node-negative disease. … In the present study, we used this rapid-IHC protocol with an anti-cytokeratin antibody and analyzed 205 mediastinal lymph nodes dissected during surgery for NSCLC. …
NAID 120005257517

縦隔原発と考えられた血管肉腫の1例

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気管支学 : 日本気管支研究会雑誌 35(1), 35-39, 2013-01-25
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