a cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a chemical agent that acts on nervous tissue and the physiological response
any of several lymphokines that promote macrophages and killer T cells and B cells and other components of the immune system
The interleukin-8 receptors (IL-8R) are two 7-transmembrane proteins in the G-protein coupled-receptor family:[1] interleukin-8 receptor A (IL-8RA) and interleukin-8 receptor B (IL-8RB). These receptors are generally found on human neutrophils, a type of white blood cell of the myeloid lineage, with approximately 65,000 receptors per neutrophil.[1] Both receptors have a size of 60kDa,[2] are glycosylated (contains covalent attachments and modifications) and G-protein linked, and can cause an increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels. Binding of Interleukin 8 leads to activation of the cell (commonly a neutrophil), allowing it to recruit more white blood cells to the site of Interleukin 8 release and to produce enzymes that would assist in the destruction of foreign material at the site of infection[3][4]
Structure
A ribbon-cartoon model of IL-8RA. IL-8RB is nearly identical in appearance. The N-terminus is located at the blue end of the ribbon and the C-terminus is at the red end.
IL-8 receptors are 7-transmembrane proteins; they contain 7 alpha helices that each span the thickness of the phospholipid bilayer of a cell membrane. IL-8RA is a peptide of 350 amino acids, and IL-8RB is composed of 355 amino acids.[2] Receptors A and B share 78% of their sequence identity, and are considered to be the only two biologically significant receptors of IL-8.[5] The genes for both receptors are located on chromosome 2q35[5] and are each encoded by a single exon, and are 20 kb apart in distance. The close proximity and location of these two genes on the chromosome suggest that they are derived from the same ancestor sequence.[1] The reported size of the translated protein is approximately 40kD,[6] differing from the native purified receptors from the surface of neutrophils by 20kD. This difference could be due to the N-terminus glycosylations that occur post-translation and contribute to an increase in apparent size of the mature receptor.[6]
N-terminus activity
The amino terminus of the receptors is located on the extracellular side of the protein, and function to determine the binding specificity of ligands to the receptor. The N-terminus of both receptors A and B are rich in acidic residues, which correlate to their high binding affinities for IL-8, which is rich in basic residues. Asp11 on the N-terminus, Glu275 and Arg280 (both on the loop between the 7th and 6th transmembrane domains) are the three main peptide residues that participate in ligand binding on IL-8A. IL-8B shows a similar binding structure.[2] These three residues are brought close together via a disulfide bridge.[1]
C-terminus activity
The carboxyl terminus of the receptors is located on the intracellular side of the protein, and is rich in serine and threonine residues (a characteristic of many proteins of the 7-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor family). The C-terminus is a target for phosphorylation and exhibits kinase activity. This is the beginning of signaling pathways and phosphorylation cascades to recruit neutrophils and angiogenesis, the development and growth of new blood vessels.[2]
Expression and function
A neutrophil in among a population of red blood cells. Neutrophils are the main target cells for IL-8, and contain a large number of IL-8 receptors on their cell surfaces. Binding causes a neutrophil to migrate to the site of infection.
Both IL-8RA and IL-8RB are expressed in neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, basophils, T-lymphocytes, and endothelial cells. IL-8RB is expressed additionally in neurons of the central nervous system. IL-8RA is highly specific for interleukin-8 and only responds when this particular ligand is bound to its receptor site, exhibiting "specific" binding behavior. IL-8RB binds to IL-8 with the same affinity as IL-8RA, but also binds to neutrophil-activating protein 2 (NAP-2) and other small receptor molecules of the CXC chemokine family with lower affinity than IL-8 binding, exhibiting a "shared" binding behavior.[1] Chemokines are a class of small molecules that induce the recruitment of leukocytes and stimulate pro-inflammatory responses; the responsiveness of IL-8R to chemokines suggests that is heavily involved in recruitment of white blood cells for inflammatory and immunological response purposes.[4]
The binding of IL-8 to the receptor induces the following three main responses in neutrophils, all of which assist a neutrophil in developing molecular mechanisms to target and kill pathogens: shape and conformational change of the neutrophil (which allows for transendothelial migration of the cell), degranulation (causing the release of enzymes within the cell), and the dissociation of heterotrimeric G-proteins (a typical effect of ligands binding to 7TM G-protein coupled receptors), thereby activating them.[4] The activation of G-proteins leads to signal transduction and phosphorylation cascades, with the ultimate effect of changing gene expression of the neutrophil to allow for recruitment of other white blood cells to the local area.[3]
References
^ abcdeBaggiolini, M.; Clark-Lewis, I. (1992-07-27). "Interleukin-8, a chemotactic and inflammatory cytokine". FEBS Letters. 307 (1): 97–101. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(92)80909-z. ISSN 0014-5793. PMID 1639201.
^ abcdHoruk, R. (1994-04-01). "The interleukin-8-receptor family: from chemokines to malaria". Immunology Today. 15 (4): 169–174. doi:10.1016/0167-5699(94)90314-X. ISSN 0167-5699. PMID 8198708.
^ abBeckmann MP, Gayle RB, Cerretti DP, March CJ, Srinivasan S, Sleath PR (1993). "Structural and functional characterization of the interleukin-8 receptors". Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 351: 155–69. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-2952-1_17. ISBN 978-0-306-44710-5. PMID 7942293.
^ abcBaggiolini M, Loetscher P, Moser B (1995). "Interleukin-8 and the chemokine family". Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 17 (2): 103–8. doi:10.1016/0192-0561(94)00088-6. PMID 7657403.
^ abBrat, Daniel J.; Bellail, Anita C.; Van Meir, Erwin G. (2017-05-25). "The role of interleukin-8 and its receptors in gliomagenesis and tumoral angiogenesis". Neuro-Oncology. 7 (2): 122–133. doi:10.1215/S1152851704001061. ISSN 1522-8517. PMC 1871893. PMID 15831231.
^ abHolmes, William E. "Structure and Functional Expression of a Human Interleukin-8 Receptor". Science – via ProQuest.
External links
Receptors,+Interleukin-8 at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
LPS induces IL-8 expression through TLR4, MyD88, NF-kappaB and MAPK pathways in human dental pulp stem cells.
He W, Qu T, Yu Q, Wang Z, Lv H, Zhang J, Zhao X, Wang P.SourceDepartment of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
AIM: To evaluate the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on interleukin-8 (IL-8) and related intracellular signalling pathways in human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs).METHODOLOGY: Human pulp tissues were isolated from human impacted third molars, and the hDPSCs were cultured and characterized. The
Genetic Predisposition to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Patients with Severe Sepsis.
Cardinal-Fernández P, Ferruelo A, El-Assar M, Santiago C, Gómez F, Martín-Pellicer A, Frutos-Vivar F, Peñuelas O, Nin N, Esteban A, Lorente JA.Source(1) Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, CIBERES, Madrid, Spain. (2) Department of Critical Care, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain. (3) Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. (4) Hospital de Torrejón, Madrid, Spain.
Shock (Augusta, Ga.).Shock.2013 Jan 28. [Epub ahead of print]
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between candidate gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in patients with severe sepsis.PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients >18 years of age admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with the diagnosis of severe sepsis
Plasma Angiopoietin-2 Predicts the Onset of Acute Lung Injury in Critically Ill Patients.
Agrawal A, Matthay MA, Kangelaris KN, Stein J, Chu JC, Imp BM, Cortez A, Abbott J, Liu KD, Calfee CS.SourceSchool of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, United States.
American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.Am J Respir Crit Care Med.2013 Jan 17. [Epub ahead of print]
RATIONALE: Current clinical prediction scores for acute lung injury (ALI) have limited positive predictive value. No studies have evaluated predictive plasma biomarkers in a broad population of critically ill patients or as an adjunct to clinical prediction scores.OBJECTIVES: To determine whether pl
1. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Nov 1;14(21):6735-41. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-4843. The interleukin-8 pathway in cancer. Waugh DJ(1), Wilson C. Author information: (1)Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology ...