婦人科疾患

関: gynecologic disease

WordNet

an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning
of or relating to or practicing gynecology; "gynecological examination" (同)gynaecological, gynecologic
caused by or altered by or manifesting disease or pathology; "diseased tonsils"; "a morbid growth"; "pathologic tissue"; "pathological bodily processes" (同)morbid, pathologic, pathological

PrepTutorEJDIC

(体の)『病気』,疾患 / (精神・道徳などの)病気,病弊
女性の話術芸人 =diseur
婦人科(病)の
病気にかかった / 病的な,不健全な(morbid)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/10/26 23:34:41」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Gynaecology or gynecology (see spelling differences) is the medical practice dealing with the health of the female reproductive systems (vagina, uterus, and ovaries) and the breasts. Outside medicine, the term means "the science of women". Its counterpart is andrology, which deals with medical issues specific to the male reproductive system.

Almost all modern gynaecologists are also obstetricians (see obstetrics and gynaecology). In many areas, the specialities of gynaecology and obstetrics overlap.

Etymology

The word "gynaecology" comes from the oblique stem (γυναικ-) of Greek γυνή (gyne), "woman", and -logia, "study".

History

The Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus is the oldest known medical text of any kind. Dated to about 1800 BC, it deals with women's complaints—gynaecological diseases, fertility, pregnancy, contraception, etc. The text is divided into thirty-four sections, each section dealing with a specific problem and containing diagnosis and treatment; no prognosis is suggested. Treatments are non surgical, comprising applying medicines to the affected body part or swallowing them. The womb is at times seen as the source of complaints manifesting themselves in other body parts.^[1]

The Hippocratic Corpus contains several gynaecological treatises dating to the 5th/4th centuries BC. Aristotle is another strong source for medical texts from 4th century BC with his descriptions of biology primarily found in History of Animals, Parts of Animals, Generation of Animals. ^[2] The gynaecological treatise Gynaikeia by Soranus of Ephesus (1st/2nd century AD) is extant (together with a 6th-century Latin paraphrase by Muscio, a physician of the same school). He was the chief representative of the school of physicians known as the "Methodists".

J. Marion Sims is widely considered the father of modern gynaecology.^[3] Now criticized for the short comings.Now criticized for the short comings.^{[clarification needed]}^[4] He developed some of his techniques by operating on slaves, many of whom were not given anaesthesia.^[5]

Examination

The historic taboo associated with the examination of female genitalia has long inhibited the science of gynaecology. This 1822 drawing by Jacques-Pierre Maygrier shows a "compromise" procedure, in which the physician is kneeling before the woman but cannot see her genitalia. Modern gynaecology no longer uses such a position.

In some countries, women must first see a general practitioner (GP; also known as a family practitioner (FP)) prior to seeing a gynaecologist. If their condition requires training, knowledge, surgical procedure, or equipment unavailable to the GP, the patient is then referred to a gynaecologist. In the United States, however, law and many health insurance plans allow gynaecologists to provide primary care in addition to aspects of their own specialty. With this option available, some women opt to see a gynaecological surgeon for non-gynaecological problems without another physician's referral.

As in all of medicine, the main tools of diagnosis are clinical history and examination. Gynaecological examination is quite intimate, more so than a routine physical exam. It also requires unique instrumentation such as the speculum. The speculum consists of two hinged blades of concave metal or plastic which are used to retract the tissues of the vagina and permit examination of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus located within the upper portion of the vagina. Gynaecologists typically do a bimanual examination (one hand on the abdomen and one or two fingers in the vagina) to palpate the cervix, uterus, ovaries and bony pelvis. It is not uncommon to do a rectovaginal examination for complete evaluation of the pelvis, particularly if any suspicious masses are appreciated. Male gynaecologists may have a female chaperone for their examination. An abdominal or vaginal ultrasound can be used to confirm any abnormalities appreciated with the bimanual examination or when indicated by the patient's history.

Diseases

Examples of conditions dealt with by a gynaecologist are:

Cancer and pre-cancerous diseases of the reproductive organs including ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, and vulva
Incontinence of urine
Amenorrhoea (absent menstrual periods)
Dysmenorrhoea (painful menstrual periods)
Infertility
Menorrhagia (heavy menstrual periods); a common indication for hysterectomy
Prolapse of pelvic organs
Infections of the vagina (vaginitis), cervix and uterus (including fungal, bacterial, viral, and protozoal)
UTI and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Premenstrual Syndrome
Other vaginal diseases

There is some crossover in these areas. For example, a woman with urinary incontinence may be referred to a urologist.

Therapies

As with all surgical specialties, gynaecologists may employ medical or surgical therapies (or many times, both), depending on the exact nature of the problem that they are treating. Pre- and post-operative medical management will often employ many standard drug therapies, such as antibiotics, diuretics, antihypertensives, and antiemetics. Additionally, gynaecologists make frequent use of specialized hormone-modulating therapies (such as Clomifene citrate and hormonal contraception) to treat disorders of the female genital tract that are responsive to pituitary or gonadal signals.

Surgery, however, is the mainstay of gynaecological therapy. For historical and political reasons, gynaecologists were previously not considered "surgeons", although this point has always been the source of some controversy. Modern advancements in both general surgery and gynaecology, however, have blurred many of the once rigid lines of distinction. The rise of sub-specialties within gynaecology which are primarily surgical in nature (for example urogynaecology and gynaecological oncology) have strengthened the reputations of gynaecologists as surgical practitioners, and many surgeons and surgical societies have come to view gynaecologists as comrades of sorts. As proof of this changing attitude, gynaecologists are now eligible for fellowship in both the American College of Surgeons and Royal Colleges of Surgeons, and many newer surgical textbooks include chapters on (at least basic) gynaecological surgery.

Some of the more common operations that gynaecologists perform include:

Dilation and curettage (removal of the uterine contents for various reasons, including completing a partial miscarriage and diagnostic sampling for dysfunctional uterine bleeding refractive to medical therapy)
Hysterectomy (removal of the uterus)
Oophorectomy (removal of the ovaries)
Tubal ligation (a type of permanent sterilization)
Hysteroscopy (inspection of the uterine cavity)
Diagnostic laparoscopy – used to diagnose and treat sources of pelvic and abdominal pain; perhaps most famously used to provide a definitive diagnosis of endometriosis.
Exploratory laparotomy – may be used to investigate the level of progression of benign or malignant disease, or to assess and repair damage to the pelvic organs.
Various surgical treatments for urinary incontinence, including cystoscopy and sub-urethral slings.
Surgical treatment of pelvic organ prolapse, including correction of cystocele and rectocele.
Appendectomy – often performed to remove site of painful endometriosis implantation or prophylactically (against future acute appendicitis) at the time of hysterectomy or Caesarean section. May also be performed as part of a staging operation for ovarian cancer.
Cervical Excision Procedures (including cryosurgery) – removal of the surface of the cervix containing pre-cancerous cells which have been previously identified on Pap smear.

Specialist training

In the UK the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, based in London, encourages the study and advancement of both the science and practice of obstetrics and gynaecology. This is done through postgraduate medical education and training development, and the publication of clinical guidelines and reports on aspects of the specialty and service provision. The RCOG International Office works with other international organisations to help lower maternal morbidity and mortality in under-resourced countries.

Gynaecologic oncology is a subspecialty of gynaecology, dealing with gynaecology-related cancer.

Gender of physicians

Despite the patients being predominantly female, like all specialist areas of health, historically gynaecology has been dominated by male doctors. However, in recent times as many of the barriers to access the education and training required to successfully practice gynaecology were removed, women have started to outnumber the number of men in the field.^[6] There are a number of reasons for this, ranging from women being motivated to become gynaecologists after having bad experiences with male doctors to men choosing to specialize in different fields.

Possible reasons reported for the decrease in male gynaecologists range from there being a perception of a lack of respect from other doctors towards them, distrust about their motivations for wanting to work exclusively with female sexual organs^[7] and questions about their overall character,^[8] as well as a concern about being associated with other male gynaecologists who have been arrested for sex offences and limited future employment opportunities.

Surveys have also shown a large and consistent majority of women are uncomfortable being forced to have intimate exams done by a male doctor. They are also less likely to be embarrassed, so as a result talk more openly and in greater details, when discussing their sexual history with another woman rather than a man, leading to questions about the ability of male gynaecologists to offer quality care to patients.^[9] This, when coupled with more women choosing female physicians^[10] has decreased the employment opportunities for men choosing to become gynaecologists.^[11]

As women are becoming presented with a choice of their doctor's gender, their preferences are starting to be questioned too. Almost 70% of respondents to an online poll agreed it is normal for a husband to 'hate' that his wife saw a male gynaecologist.^[12] While there have also been reports of relationships having ended due to selection of a male gynaecologist ^[13] with some men feeling their partner's desire to have another man touching and penetrating their sexual organs for a routine check-up when there were capable and qualified women available, an act of infidelity. Interviews with male gynaecologists where the doctors openly admitted they liked being 'hit on' by some patients while performing intimate exams further underlined many of the suspicion towards men choosing to become gynaecologists.^[14]

In the United States, it has been reported that 4 in 5 students choosing a residency in gynaecology are now female.^[15] In Sweden, to counter the lack of demand for male gynaecologists, women have had the right to choose their doctor removed from them.^[16] In Turkey, due to patient preference to be seen by another female, there are now few male gynaecologists working in the field.^[17]

There have been a number of legal challenges in the US against healthcare providers who have started hiring based on gender of physicians. Dr Mircea Veleanu argued, in part, that his former employers discriminated against him by accommodating the wishes of female patients who had requested female doctors for intimate exams.^[18] A male nurse complained about an advert for an all-female obstetrics and gynaecology practice in Columbia, Maryland claiming this was a form of sexual discrimination.^[19] Dr David Garfinkel, a New Jersey-based ob-gyn sued his former employer after being fired due to, as he claimed, "because I was male, I wasn't drawing as many patients as they'd expected".^[18]

So far, all legal challenges by male gynaecologists to remove patient choice have failed due to there being protection in law for 'bona fide occupational qualification' which in previous cases involving wash-room attendants and male nurses have recognized a justification for gender-based requirements for certain jobs.

References

^ Laurinda S. Dixon. Perilous Chastity: Women and Illness in Pre-Enlightenment Art and Medicine, Cornell University Press 1995, pp.15f.
^ Lesley Dean-Jones, “The Cultural Construct of the Female Body” In Women’s History and Ancient History, ed. Susan B. Pomeroy (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 113.
^ Semple, Henry Churchill (1923). J. Marion Sims, the Father of Modern Gynecology. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
^ Daly, Mary (1990). Gyn/ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism. Beacon Press. pp. 225–. ISBN 9780807014134. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
^ Adekunle, Julius O.; Williams, Hettie V. (2010-02-24). Color Struck: Essays on Race and Ethnicity in Global Perspective. University Press of America. pp. 397–. ISBN 9780761850922. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
^ "From Past to Present: The Changing Demographics of Women in Medicine". 2008-02-01. Archived from the original on 2014-07-03. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
^ "Why Are Men Gynaecologists?". 2013-12-04. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
^ "Are Male Gynecologists Creepy?". 2013-12-09. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
^ "Do patients talk differently to male and female physicians?: A meta-analytic review". 2002-12-02. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
^ "Patient choice: comparing criteria for selecting an obstetrician-gynaecologist based on image, gender, and professional attributes". 2007-03-15. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
^ "Career Trends for OB/GYN Physician Jobs". Retrieved 2014-06-24.
^ "Is it normal that I hate when my wife has to see a male gynecologist?". Retrieved 2014-07-23.
^ "How Husbands Feel About Male Gynecologists". Retrieved 2014-07-23.
^ "10 Men Explain Why They Became Gynecologists". Retrieved 2014-09-26.
^ "Enhancing the Representation of Women as Senior Leaders in Obstetrics and Gynaecology" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-06-24.
^ "Discrimination against male gynaecologists? Swedish clinics ban women from choosing female doctors.". 2007-01-29. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
^ "Male Gynaecologist in Turkey: Dying profession?". 2014-05-22. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-06-25.
^ ^a ^b "Women's Health Is No Longer a Man's World". 2001-02-07. Retrieved 2014-07-14.
^ "Nurse questions all female OB-GYN practice". 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-07-14.

External links

Ingenious: archive of historical images related to obstetrics, gynaecology, and contraception.
U.S. Federal Government Website for Women's Health Information.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Emerging treatment strategies in recurrent platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer: Focus on trabectedin.

Poveda A1, Ray-Coquard I2, Romero I3, Lopez-Guerrero JA4, Colombo N5.Author information 1Área Clínica de Oncología Ginecológica, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Prof. Baguena, 19, 46009 Valencia, Spain. Electronic address: apoveda@fivo.org.2Département d'Oncologie Médicale Adulte, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec, 69008 Lyon, France. Electronic address: isabelle.ray-coquard@lyon.unicancer.fr.3Área Clínica de Oncología Ginecológica, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Prof. Baguena, 19, 46009 Valencia, Spain. Electronic address: nachete54@hotmail.com.4Área Clínica de Oncología Ginecológica, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Prof. Baguena, 19, 46009 Valencia, Spain; Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Prof. Baguena, 19, 46009 Valencia, Spain. Electronic address: jalopez@fivo.org.5Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Interdisciplinare, Università Milano-Bicocca and Divisione di Ginecologia Oncologica Medica, Via Ripamonti, 435-20141 Milano, Italy. Electronic address: nicoletta.colombo@ieo.it.AbstractOvarian cancer (OC) is the leading cause of death from gynecological malignancies. In spite of high response rates to the standard front-line treatment for advanced disease with cytoreductive surgical debulking, followed by platinum/taxane-based chemotherapy, most patients eventually relapse developing drug-resistant disease. Owing to the molecular heterogeneity, genetic instability and mutagenicity of OC, increases in survival might be achieved by translating recent insights at the morpho-molecular levels to individual therapeutic strategies. Several emerging treatments have been shown to be active in platinum-sensitive (PS) recurrent OC (ROC), but an optimal strategy still has not been established. Based on the recent results, it is likely that the introduction of novel non-platinum based chemotherapies and molecular targeted therapies will have a major impact on the management of ROC. Some current strategies are focused on the extension of platinum-free interval (PFI) in patients with PS, particularly in those with partially PS disease. Apparently, the PFI extension by an effective non-platinum intervention, such as trabectedin plus pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD), may reduce cumulative platinum-induced toxicities leading to longer survival after the reintroduction of subsequent platinum. The introduction of novel therapies, such as the antiangiogenic monoclonal antibody bevacizumab, opens a new field of targeted therapies in this indication. In this review, we aim to outline the therapeutic potential of new emerging approaches, particularly the role of non-platinum therapy with trabectedin in combination with PLD in patients with PS ROC.
Cancer treatment reviews.Cancer Treat Rev.2014 Apr;40(3):366-75. doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.08.001. Epub 2013 Aug 8.
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the leading cause of death from gynecological malignancies. In spite of high response rates to the standard front-line treatment for advanced disease with cytoreductive surgical debulking, followed by platinum/taxane-based chemotherapy, most patients eventually relapse develop
PMID 24296108

Ovarian cancer stem cell-specific gene expression profiling and targeted drug prescreening.

Huang Y1, Ju B1, Tian J1, Liu F1, Yu H1, Xiao H1, Liu X1, Liu W1, Yao Z2, Hao Q1.Author information 1Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tianjin Medical Univerisity Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China.2Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China.AbstractCancer stem cells, with unlimited self-renewal potential and other stem cell characteristics, occur in several types of cancer, including ovarian cancer (OvC). Although CSCs can cause tumor initiation, malignant proliferation, relapse and multi-drug resistance, ways to eliminate them remain unknown. In the present study, we compared ovarian cancer stem cell (OVCSC) expression profiles in normal ovarian surface epithelium and ovarian cells from patients with advanced disease to identify key pathways and specific molecular signatures involved in OVC progression and to prescreen candidate small-molecule compounds with anti-OVCSC activity. Comparison of genome-wide expression profiles of OvC stemness groups with non-stemness controls revealed 6495, 1347 and 509 differentially expressed genes in SDC, SP1 and SP2 groups, respectively, with a cut-off of fold-change set at >1.5 and P<0.05. NAB1 and NPIPL1 were commonly upregulated whereas PROS1, GREB1, KLF9 and MTUS1 were commonly downregulated in all 3 groups. Most differentially expressed genes consistently clustered with molecular functions such as protein receptor binding, kinase activity and chemo-repellent activity. These genes regulate cellular components such as centrosome, plasma membrane receptors, and basal lamina, and may participate in biological processes such as cell cycle regulation, chemoresistance and stemness induction. Key Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways such as ECM receptor, ErbB signaling, endocytosis and adherens junction pathways were enriched. Gene co-expression extrapolation screening by the Connectivity Map revealed several small-molecule compounds (such as SC-560, disulfiram, thapsigargin, esculetin and cinchonine) with potential anti-OVCSC properties targeting OVCSC signature genes. We identified several key CSC features and specific regulation networks in OVCSCs and predicted several small molecules with potential anti-OVCSC pharmacological properties, which may aid the development of OVCSC-specific drugs.
Oncology reports.Oncol Rep.2014 Mar;31(3):1235-48. doi: 10.3892/or.2014.2976. Epub 2014 Jan 13.
Cancer stem cells, with unlimited self-renewal potential and other stem cell characteristics, occur in several types of cancer, including ovarian cancer (OvC). Although CSCs can cause tumor initiation, malignant proliferation, relapse and multi-drug resistance, ways to eliminate them remain unknown.
PMID 24424387

Examestane in advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma: a prospective phase II study by the Nordic Society of Gynecologic Oncology (NSGO).

Lindemann K, Malander S, Christensen RD, Mirza MR, Kristensen GB, Aavall-Lundqvist E, Vergote I, Rosenberg P, Boman K, Nordstrøm B.AbstractBACKGROUND: We evaluated the efficacy and safety of the aromatase inhibitor exemestane in patients with advanced, persistent or recurrent endometrial carcinoma.
BMC cancer.BMC Cancer.2014 Feb 5;14(1):68. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: We evaluated the efficacy and safety of the aromatase inhibitor exemestane in patients with advanced, persistent or recurrent endometrial carcinoma.METHODS: We performed an open-label one-arm, two-stage, phase II study of 25 mg of oral exemestane in 51 patients with advanced (FIGO stage
PMID 24498853

Japanese Journal

再発卵巣癌に対する化学療法中に骨髄異形成症候群を発症した1例

産婦人科の進歩 68(2), 82-87, 2016
NAID 130005161171

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産婦人科の進歩 68(2), 99-105, 2016
NAID 130005161168

加重型妊娠高血圧腎症と重症胎児発育不全を合併したhyperreactio luteinalisの1例

産婦人科の進歩 68(2), 106-111, 2016
NAID 130005161166

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「婦人科疾患」「gynecologic disease」
関連記事	「disease」「gynecological」「gynecologic」

「婦人科疾患」

Gynaecologist
Occupation
Names	Doctor, Medical Specialist
	Specialty
Activity sectors	Medicine
Description
Education required	Doctor of Medicine (M.D. or MBBS); Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.);
Fields of; employment	Hospitals, Clinics

Gynaecology
	A dilating vaginal speculum, a tool for examining the vagina, in a model of the female reproductive system
System	Female reproductive system
Subdivisions	Oncology, Maternal medicine, Maternal-fetal medicine
Significant diseases	Gynaecological cancers, Menstrual bleeding, Infertility
Significant tests	Laparoscopy
Specialist	Gynaecologist

　　[★]

英: gynecologic disease、gynecological disease
関: 女性生殖器疾患

「gynecologic disease」

　　[★]

婦人科疾患

関: female genital disease、gynecological disease

「disease」

　　[★]

n.

疾患：illnessより厳密な概念。「ある臓器に明確な障害が確認され、それによって症状が出ているとはっきり説明できる場合」 (PSY.9)

特定の原因、病態生理、症状、経過、予後、病理組織所見が全てそろった場合 (PSY.9)

something that is very wrong with people's attitudes, way of life or with society.

関: ail、ailment、disease entity、disorder、ill、illness、malady、sick、sickness

注意

disease ≠ illness ≠ disorder

「gynecological」

　　[★]

adj.

婦人科学的な、婦人科学の、婦人科の

関: gynaecological、gynaecology、gynecologic、gynecology

「gynecologic」

　　[★]

adj.

関: gynecology, gynecological, gynecologist

[1] Laurinda S. Dixon. Perilous Chastity: Women and Illness in Pre-Enlightenment Art and Medicine, Cornell University Press 1995, pp.15f.

[2] Lesley Dean-Jones, “The Cultural Construct of the Female Body” In Women’s History and Ancient History, ed. Susan B. Pomeroy (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 113.

[Semple1923-3] Semple, Henry Churchill (1923). J. Marion Sims, the Father of Modern Gynecology. Retrieved 11 October 2013.

[Daly1990-4] Daly, Mary (1990). Gyn/ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism. Beacon Press. pp. 225–. ISBN 9780807014134. Retrieved 11 October 2013.

[AdekunleWilliams2010-5] Adekunle, Julius O.; Williams, Hettie V. (2010-02-24). Color Struck: Essays on Race and Ethnicity in Global Perspective. University Press of America. pp. 397–. ISBN 9780761850922. Retrieved 11 October 2013.

[6] "From Past to Present: The Changing Demographics of Women in Medicine". 2008-02-01. Archived from the original on 2014-07-03. Retrieved 2014-06-24.

[7] "Why Are Men Gynaecologists?". 2013-12-04. Retrieved 2014-06-24.

[8] "Are Male Gynecologists Creepy?". 2013-12-09. Retrieved 2014-06-24.

[9] "Do patients talk differently to male and female physicians?: A meta-analytic review". 2002-12-02. Retrieved 2014-06-24.

[10] "Patient choice: comparing criteria for selecting an obstetrician-gynaecologist based on image, gender, and professional attributes". 2007-03-15. Retrieved 2014-06-24.

[11] "Career Trends for OB/GYN Physician Jobs". Retrieved 2014-06-24.

[12] "Is it normal that I hate when my wife has to see a male gynecologist?". Retrieved 2014-07-23.

[13] "How Husbands Feel About Male Gynecologists". Retrieved 2014-07-23.

[14] "10 Men Explain Why They Became Gynecologists". Retrieved 2014-09-26.

[15] "Enhancing the Representation of Women as Senior Leaders in Obstetrics and Gynaecology" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-06-24.

[16] "Discrimination against male gynaecologists? Swedish clinics ban women from choosing female doctors.". 2007-01-29. Retrieved 2014-06-24.

[17] "Male Gynaecologist in Turkey: Dying profession?". 2014-05-22. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-06-25.

[nytimes.com-18] "Women's Health Is No Longer a Man's World". 2001-02-07. Retrieved 2014-07-14.

[19] "Nurse questions all female OB-GYN practice". 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-07-14.

v t e Reproductive health
Rights	Compulsory sterilization Contraceptive security Genital integrity Circumcision controversies Genital modification and mutilation Intersex
Education	Genetic counseling Pre-conception counseling Sex education
Planning	Assisted reproductive technology Birth control Childfree/Childlessness Parenting Adoption Childbirth Foster care Reproductive life plan Safe sex
Health	Men's Women's Vulvovaginal Research Self-report sexual risk behaviors
Pregnancy	Abortion Maternal health Obstetrics Options counseling Pregnancy from rape Pregnant patients' rights Prenatal care Teenage pregnancy Preteen pregnancy Unintended pregnancy
Medicine	Andrology Genitourinary medicine Gynaecology Obstetrics and gynaecology Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Sexual medicine
Disorder	Disorders of sex development Infertility Reproductive system disease Sexual dysfunction Sexually transmitted infection Clinic
By country	China India Iran Ireland Pakistan Philippines Singapore United Kingdom Teen United States Teen pregnancy Birth control
History	Birth control movement in the United States History of condoms Social hygiene movement Timeline of reproductive rights legislation
Policy	One-child policy Two-child policy Financial Baby bonus Bachelor tax Birth credit Child benefit Tax on childlessness

v t e Human sexuality and sexology
Sexual relationship phenomena	Asexuality Gray asexuality Bisexuality Casual relationship Casual sex Celibacy Celibacy syndrome Committed relationship Free love Herbivore men Heterosexuality Homosexuality Hypersexuality Marriage One-night stand Polyamory Promiscuity Female Romantic love Romantic orientation Flirting Sex life Sexual abstinence Sexual partner Single person Swinging
Sexual dynamics	Hypergamy Intersex Physical attractiveness Sexual attraction Sexual ethics
See also	Sexual addiction Sex Addicts Anonymous Sexual surrogate

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検索

案内

案内

gynecological disease