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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2016/07/20 09:07:26」(JST)
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Envenomation is the process by which venom is injected into some animal by the bite (or sting) of a venomous animal. Many kinds of animals, including mammals (e.g., the northern short-tailed shrew, Blarina brevicauda), reptiles (e.g., the king cobra), spiders (e.g., black widows),[1] and insects (e.g., wasps, honey bees, ants and caterpillars), employ venom for hunting and for self-defense. Most venoms are administered by biting the skin of the victim, but some venoms are applied externally, especially to sensitive tissues such as those that surround the eyes. In some reptiles, such as the Gila monster, venom in the saliva enters prey through bites of grooved teeth, but many animals have specialized organs such as hollow teeth (fangs) and tubular stingers that penetrate the prey's skin after which muscles attached to the attacker's venom reservoir forcibly squirt venom deep within the victim's body tissue. Death may occur as a result of bites or stings.
Contents
- 1 Antivenom treatments
- 2 See also
- 3 References
- 4 Additional references
Antivenom treatments
Various antivenom treatments exist, typically consisting of antibodies or antibody fragments, which neutralize the venom.
See also
- List of venomous animals
- Toxicology
References
- ^ GRAUDINS, A., M. J. LITTLE, S. S. PINEDA, P. G. HAINS, G. F. KING et al., 2012 Cloning and activity of a novel α-latrotoxin from red-back spider venom. Biochemical Pharmacology 83: 170–183.
Additional references
- Chippaux, J.P.: Snake bites- appraisal of the global situation. Bulletin of World Health Organization, 1998; 76(5): 515–524.
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Geographical venom variations of the Southeast Asian monocled cobra (Naja kaouthia): venom-induced neuromuscular depression and antivenom neutralization.
- Tan KY1, Tan CH2, Sim SM3, Fung SY1, Tan NH1.
- Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology & pharmacology : CBP.Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol.2016 Jul-Aug;185-186:77-86. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.03.005. Epub 2016 Mar 10.
- The Southeast Asian monocled cobras (Naja kaouthia) exhibit geographical variations in their venom proteomes, especially on the composition of neurotoxins. This study compared the neuromuscular depressant activity of the venoms of N. kaouthia from Malaysia (NK-M), Thailand (NK-T) and Vietnam (NK-V),
- PMID 26972756
- Persistent anosmia and olfactory bulb atrophy after mulga (Pseudechis australis) snakebite.
- Sethi M1, Cook M2, Winkel KD3.
- Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia.J Clin Neurosci.2016 Jul;29:199-201. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2015.12.019. Epub 2016 Feb 17.
- Loss of sense of smell is an intriguing yet under-recognised complication of snakebite. We report olfactory function testing and neuroimaging of the olfactory bulbs in a 30-year-old man with anosmia persisting for more than 1year after mulga (Pseudechis australis) snakebite. This problem was first n
- PMID 26896910
- Haemostasis disorders caused by envenomation by Cerastes cerastes and Macrovipera mauritanica vipers.
- Fahmi L1, Makran B1, Boussadda L2, Lkhider M3, Ghalim N4.
- Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology.Toxicon.2016 Jun 15;116:43-8. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.12.012. Epub 2015 Dec 24.
- Viper venoms are a real source of proteolytic enzymes causing clotting, bleeding, edema, necrosis, hemorrhage, pain at the bite site and systemic changes. This study was conducted to evaluate the changes induced in hematological and haemostatic parameters in rabbits after 1, 3, 6 and 24 h post-veno
- PMID 26724273
Japanese Journal
- Pregnant Woman Bitten by a Japanese Mamushi (Gloydius blomhoffii)
- Purification and characterization of five snake venom metalloproteinases from Egyptian Echis pyramidum pyramidum venom
- Incorrect stonefish envenomation first aid treatment information on medical websites
- The Japanese journal of clinical toxicology 26(4), 292-294, 2013
- NAID 40019903749
Related Links
- envenomation [en-ven″o-ma´shun] poisoning by venom. en·ven·om·a·tion (en-ven'ō-mā'shŭn), The act of injecting a poisonous material (venom) by sting, spine, bite, or other venom apparatus. envenomation /en·ven·om·a·tion/ (en-ven″o ...
- envenomation en·ven·om·a·tion (ěn-věn'ə-mā'shən) n. The injection of a poisonous material by sting, spine, bite, or other similar means.
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- 関
- snake bite