WordNet

inserted as an integral part of a surrounding whole; "confused by the embedded Latin quotations"; "an embedded subordinate clause"
enclosed firmly in a surrounding mass; "found pebbles embedded in the silt"; "stone containing many embedded fossils"; "peach and plum seeds embedded in a sweet edible pulp"
either of two masses of lymphatic tissue one on each side of the oral pharynx (同)palatine_tonsil, faucial_tonsil, tonsilla
a large number or amount; "made lots of new friends"; "she amassed stacks of newspapers" (同)dozens, heaps, lots, piles, scores, stacks, loads, rafts, slews, wads, oodles, gobs, scads, lashings

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扁桃腺(へんとうせん)

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1. 成人における扁桃摘出：適応 tonsillectomy in adults indications
2. 小児における睡眠が関係する呼吸障害の機序および素因 mechanisms and predisposing factors for sleep related breathing disorders in children
3. 小児における咽喉痛の評価 evaluation of sore throat in children
4. 小児における身体的診察：HEENT the pediatric physical examination heent
5. 口臭 bad breath

English Journal

Routine use of the Ion Torrent AmpliSeq™ Cancer Hotspot Panel for identification of clinically actionable somatic mutations.

Tsongalis GJ, Peterson JD, de Abreu FB, Tunkey CD, Gallagher TL, Strausbaugh LD, Wells WA, Amos CI.AbstractAbstract Background: Somatic mutation analysis is standard of practice for solid tumors in order to identify therapeutic sensitizing and resistance mutations. Our laboratory routinely performed standalone PCR-based methods for mutations in several genes. Rapid discovery and introduction of new therapeutics has demanded additional genomic information for adequate management of the cancer patient. We evaluated a next generation sequencing assay, the Ion Torrent AmpliSeq Cancer Hotspot Panelv2 (CHPv2), capable of identifying multiple somatic mutations in 50 genes in a single assay. Methods: Accuracy, precision, limit of detection, and specificity were evaluated using DNA from well-characterized cell lines, genetically engineered cell lines fixed and embedded in paraffin, and previously tested mutation positive or negative, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. Normal kidney, tonsil and colon FFPE tissues were used as controls. Results: Accuracy studies showed 100% concordance in each patient sample between previous PCR results and the corresponding variants identified using the Ion Torrent panel. Precision studies gave consistent results when libraries were prepared from the same original DNA and were run on multiple 316 chips. The limit of detection was determined to be 5% for single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and 20% for insertions and deletions (indels). Specificity studies using normal FFPE tissue previously tested by PCR methods were also 100%. Conclusions: We have evaluated the performance of the AmpliSeq Cancer Panel Hotspotv2 and show that it is suitable for clinical testing. This next generation sequencing panel has allowed the laboratory to consolidate a broader range of molecular oncology testing to a single platform and single assay.
Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine : CCLM / FESCC.Clin Chem Lab Med.2014 May 1;52(5):707-14. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2013-0883.
Abstract Background: Somatic mutation analysis is standard of practice for solid tumors in order to identify therapeutic sensitizing and resistance mutations. Our laboratory routinely performed standalone PCR-based methods for mutations in several genes. Rapid discovery and introduction of new thera
PMID 24334431

P16(INK4A) immunostaining is a strong indicator for high-risk-HPV-associated oropharyngeal carcinomas and dysplasias, but is unreliable to predict low-risk-HPV-infection in head and neck papillomas and laryngeal dysplasias.

Mooren JJ1, Gültekin SE, Straetmans JM, Haesevoets A, Peutz-Kootstra CJ, Huebbers CU, Dienes HP, Wieland U, Ramaekers FC, Kremer B, Speel EJ, Klussmann JP.Author information 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands.AbstractHuman papillomavirus (HPV) is a risk factor for the development of benign and malignant mucosal head and neck lesions. P16(INK4A) is often used as a surrogate marker for HPV-infection, although there is still controversy with respect its reliability. Our aim was to determine if p16(INK4A) overexpression can accurately predict both high-risk and low-risk-HPV-presence in (pre)malignant and benign head and neck lesions. P16(INK4A) immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin-embedded tissue sections of 162 oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCC), 14 tonsillar and 23 laryngeal dysplasias, and 20 tonsillar and 27 laryngeal papillomas. PCR, enzyme-immunoassay and FISH analysis were used to assess HPV-presence and type. Of the 162 OPSCC and 14 tonsillar dysplasias, 51 (31%) and 10 (71%) were HPV16-positive, respectively. All tonsillar papillomas were HPV-negative and four laryngeal dysplasias and 26 laryngeal papillomas were positive for HPV6 or -11. P16(INK4A) immunohistochemistry revealed a strong nuclear and cytoplasmic staining in 50 out of 51 HPV16-positive and 5 out of 111 HPV-negative OPSCC (p < 0.0001) and in all HPV16-positive tonsillar dysplasias, whereas highly variable staining patterns were detected in the papillomas and laryngeal dysplasias, irrespective of the HPV-status. In addition, the latter lesions generally showed a higher nuclear than cytoplasmic p16(INK4A) immunostaining intensity. In conclusion, our data show that strong nuclear and cytoplasmic p16(INK4A) overexpression is a reliable surrogate indicator for HPV16 in OPSCC and (adjacent) dysplasias. For HPV6 or -11-positive and HPV-negative benign and premalignant lesions of the tonsil and larynx, however, p16(INK4A) immunostaining is highly variable and cannot be recommended to predict HPV-presence.
International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer.Int J Cancer.2014 May 1;134(9):2108-17. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28534. Epub 2013 Oct 21.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a risk factor for the development of benign and malignant mucosal head and neck lesions. P16(INK4A) is often used as a surrogate marker for HPV-infection, although there is still controversy with respect its reliability. Our aim was to determine if p16(INK4A) overexpres
PMID 24127203

Hybrid Capture 2 is as Effective as PCR Testing for High-risk Human Papillomavirus in Head and Neck Cancers.

Hooper JE1, Hebert JF, Schilling A, Gross ND, Schindler JS, Lagowski JP, Kulesz-Martin M, Corless CL, Morgan TK.Author information 1Departments of *Pathology ‡Otolaryngology §Dermatology Research Division †Knight Diagnostic Laboratory, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR.AbstractHigh-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a common cause of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, especially in young male nonsmokers. Accurately diagnosing HPV-associated oral cancers is important, because they have a better prognosis and may be treated differently than smoking-related oral carcinomas. Various methods have been validated to test for high-risk HPV in cervical tissue samples, and they are in routine clinical use to detect dysplasia before it progresses to invasive disease. Similarly, future screening for HPV-mediated oropharyngeal dysplasia may identify patients before it progresses. Our objective was to compare 4 of these methods in a retrospective series of 87 oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas that had archived fresh-frozen and paraffin-embedded tissue for evaluation. Patient age, sex, smoking history, and tumor location were also recorded. DNA prepared from fresh-frozen tissue was tested for HPV genotypes by multiplex polymerase chain reaction analysis, and high-risk HPV screening was carried out using Hybrid Capture 2 and Cervista. Histologic sections were immunostained for p16. HPV-positive outcome was defined as agreement between at least 2 of the 3 genetic tests and used for χ analysis and calculations of diagnostic predictive value. As expected, high-risk HPV-positive oral cancers were most common in the tonsil and base of the tongue (oropharynx) of younger male (55 vs. 65 y) (P=0.0002) nonsmokers (P=0.01). Most positive cases were HPV16 (33/36, 92%). Hybrid Capture 2 and Cervista were as sensitive as polymerase chain reaction and had fewer false positives than p16 immunohistochemical staining.
Diagnostic molecular pathology : the American journal of surgical pathology, part B.Diagn Mol Pathol.2014 Jan 30. [Epub ahead of print]
High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a common cause of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, especially in young male nonsmokers. Accurately diagnosing HPV-associated oral cancers is important, because they have a better prognosis and may be treated differently than smoking-related ora
PMID 24487314

Japanese Journal

Atypical Interfollicular Hyperplasia of Tonsils Resembling Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma: A Clinicopathological, Immunohistochemical Study and Epstein-Barr Virus Findings in 12 Cases