cardiac ventricle

心室

関

heart ventricle、left ventricle、right ventricle、ventricle、ventricular

WordNet

1. of or relating to a ventricle (of the heart or brain)
2. a chamber of the heart that receives blood from an atrium and pumps it to the arteries (同)heart_ventricle
3. one of four connected cavities in the brain; is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord and contains cerebrospinal fluid
4. of or relating to the heart; "cardiac arrest"
5. the opening into the stomach and that part of the stomach connected to the esophagus

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (脳髄・喉頭などの)室,空洞,(心臓の)心室
2. 心臓の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/26 03:24:36」(JST)

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Ventricle
Structure diagram of the human heart from an anterior view. The larger cavities are the ventricles.
Details
Latin	ventriculus cordis
Identifiers
TA	A12.1.00.012
FMA	7100
Anatomical terminology

In the heart, a ventricle is one of two large chambers that collect and expel blood received from an atrium towards the peripheral beds within the body and lungs. The atrium (an adjacent/upper heart chamber that is smaller than a ventricle) primes the pump. Interventricular means between the ventricles (for example the interventricular septum), while intraventricular means within one ventricle (for example an intraventricular block).

In a four-chambered heart, such as that in humans, there are two ventricles that operate in a double circulatory system: the right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary circulation to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps blood into the systemic circulation through the aorta.

Structure

Heart section showing ventricles and ventricular septum

Ventricles have thicker walls than atria and generate higher blood pressures. The physiological load on the ventricles requiring pumping of blood throughout the body and lungs is much greater than the pressure generated by the atria to fill the ventricles. Further, the left ventricle has thicker walls than the right because it needs to pump blood to most of the body while the right ventricle fills only the lungs.

On the inner walls of the ventricles are irregular muscular columns called trabeculae carneae which cover all of the inner ventricular surfaces except that of the conus arteriosus, in the right ventricle. There are three types of these muscles. The third type, the papillary muscles give origin at their apices to the chordae tendinae which attach to the cusps of the tricuspid valve and to the mitral valve.

The mass of the left ventricle, as estimated by magnetic resonance imaging, averages 143 g ± 38.4 g, with a range of 87––224 g.

The right ventricle is equal in size to that of the left ventricle, and contains roughly 85 millilitres (3 imp fl oz; 3 US fl oz) in the adult. Its upper front surface is circled and convex, and forms much of the sternocostal surface of the heart. Its under surface is flattened, forming part of the diaphragmatic surface of the heart that rests upon the diaphragm.

Its posterior wall is formed by the ventricular septum, which bulges into the right ventricle, so that a transverse section of the cavity presents a semilunar outline. Its upper and left angle forms a conical pouch, the conus arteriosus, from which the pulmonary artery arises. A tendinous band, called the tendon of the conus arteriosus, extends upward from the right atrioventricular fibrous ring and connects the posterior surface of the conus arteriosus to the aorta.

Shape

The left ventricle is longer and more conical in shape than the right, and on transverse section its concavity presents an oval or nearly circular outline. It forms a small part of the sternocostal surface and a considerable part of the diaphragmatic surface of the heart; it also forms the apex of the heart. The left ventricle is thicker and more muscular than the right ventricle because it pumps blood at a higher pressure.

The right ventricle is triangular in shape and extends from the tricuspid valve in the right atrium to near the apex of the heart. Its wall is thickest at its base and thins towards the atrium.

Development

By early maturity, the walls of the left ventricle have thickened from three to six times greater than that of the right ventricle. This reflects the typical five times greater pressure workload this chamber performs while accepting blood returning from the pulmonary veins at ~80mmHg pressure (equivalent to around 11 kPa) and pushing it forward to the typical ~120mmHg pressure (around 16.3 kPa) in the aorta during each heartbeat. (The pressures stated are resting values and stated as relative to surrounding atmospheric which is the typical "0" reference pressure used in medicine.)

Function

During systole, the ventricles contract, pumping blood through the body. During diastole, the ventricles relax and fill with blood again.

The left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium via the mitral valve and pumps it through the aorta via the aortic valve, into the systemic circulation. The left ventricular muscle must relax and contract quickly, and be able to increase or lower its pumping capacity under the control of the nervous system. In the diastolic phase, it has to relax very quickly after each contraction so as to quickly fill with the oxygenated blood flowing from the pulmonary veins. Likewise in the systolic phase, the left ventricle must contract rapidly and forcibly to pump this blood into the aorta, overcoming the much higher aortic pressure. The extra pressure exerted is also needed to stretch the aorta and other arteries to accommodate the increase in blood volume.

The right ventricle receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium via the tricuspid valve and pumps it into the pulmonary artery via the pulmonary valve, into the pulmonary circulation.

Pumping volume

The typical healthy adult heart pumping volume is ~5 liters/min, resting. Maximum capacity pumping volume extends from ~25 liters/min for non-athletes to as high as ~45 liters/min for Olympic level athletes.

Volumes

In cardiology, the performance of the ventricles are measured with several volumetric parameters, including end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume (SV)and ejection fraction (E_f).

Wiggers diagram of various events of a cardiac cycle, showing left ventricular volume as a red trace.

Measure	Typical value	Normal range
end-diastolic volume (EDV)	120 mL	65–240 mL
end-systolic volume (ESV)	50 mL	16–143 mL
stroke volume (SV)	70 mL	55–100 mL
ejection fraction (Ef)	58%	55–70%
heart rate (HR)	75 bpm	60–100 bpm
cardiac output (CO)	5.25 L/minute	4.0–8.0 L/min

Dimensions

The heart and its performance are also commonly measured in terms of dimensions, which in this case means one-dimensional distances, usually measured in millimeters. This is not as informative as volumes, but may be much easier to estimate with e.g. M-Mode echocardiography or with sonomicrometry (mostly used for animal model research). Optimally, it is specified with which plane the distance is measured in, e.g. the dimension of the longitudinal plane.

Dimension	Abbreviation	Definition	Normally
End-diastolic dimension	EDD	The diameter across a ventricle at the end of diastole, if not else specified then usually referring to the transverse (left-to-right) internal (luminal) distance, excluding thickness of walls, although it can also be measured as the external distance.
Left ventricular end-diastolic dimension	LVEDD or sometimes LVDD	The end-diastolic dimension of the left ventricle.	48 mm, Range 36 – 56 mm
Right ventricular end-diastolic dimension	RVEDD or sometimes RVDD	The end-diastolic dimension of the right ventricle.	Range 10 – 26 mm
End-systolic dimension	ESD	ESD is similar to the end-diastolic dimension, but is measured at the end of systole (after the ventricles have pumped out blood) rather than at the end of diastole.
Left ventricular end-systolic dimension	LVESD or sometimes LVSD	The end-systolic dimension of the left ventricle.	Range 20 – 40 mm
Right ventricular end-systolic dimension	RVESD or sometimes RVSD	The end-systolic dimension of the right ventricle.	Range 10 – 26 mm
Interventricular septal end diastolic dimension	IVSd	The thickness of the interventricular septum.	8.3 mm, Range 7 – 11 mm
Left ventricular end diastolic posterior wall dimension	LVPWd	The thickness of the posterior left ventricular wall.	8.3 mm, Range 7 – 11 mm
Left atrial dimension	LA		Range 24 – 40 mm

Fractional shortening (FS) is the fraction of any diastolic dimension that is lost in systole. When referring to endocardial luminal distances, it is EDD minus ESD divided by EDD (times 100 when measured in percentage). Normal values may differ somewhat dependent on which anatomical plane is used to measure the distances. Normal range is 25-45%, Mild is 20-25%, Moderate is 15-20%, and Severe is <15%. Cardiology Diagnostic Tests Midwall fractional shortening may also be used to measure diastolic/systolic changes for inter-ventricular septal dimensions and posterior wall dimensions. However, both endocardial and midwall fractional shortening are dependent on myocardial wall thickness, and thereby dependent on long-axis function. By comparison, a measure of short-axis function termed epicardial volume change (EVC) is independent of myocardial wall thickness and represents isolated short-axis function.

Clinical significance

Cardiac dysrhythmia or arrhythmia is an irregular heartbeat that can occur in the ventricles or atria. Normally the heartbeat is initiated in the SA node of the atrium but initiation can also occur in the Purkinje fibres of the ventricles giving rise to premature ventricular contractions, also called ventricular extra beats. When these beats become grouped the condition is known as ventricular tachycardia.

Another form of arrhythmia is that of the ventricular escape beat. This can happen as a compensatory mechanism when there is a problem in the conduction system from the SA node.

The most severe form of arrhythmia is ventricular fibrillation which is the most common cause of cardiac arrest and subsequent sudden death.

• Ventricular septal defect
• Atrioventricular septal defect

External links

• Photo of dissection at uc.edu
• Left Ventricle - Cell Centered Database
• Anatomy photo:20:05-0102 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center

See also

• Atrium (heart)

References

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 心臓自動能の増強 enhanced cardiac automaticity
• 2. 一時的心臓ペーシング temporary cardiac pacing
• 3. 人工心肺（CPB）からの離脱 weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass cpb
• 4. 心臓腫瘍 cardiac tumors
• 5. 心タンポナーデ cardiac tamponade

English Journal

• Visualization of shape motions in shape space.

• Taimouri V, Hua J.SourceWayne State University and Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School.
• IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics.IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph.2013 Dec;19(12):2644-52. doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2013.230.
• Analysis of dynamic object deformations such as cardiac motion is of great importance, especially when there is a necessity to visualize and compare the deformation behavior across subjects. However, there is a lack of effective techniques for comparative visualization and assessment of a collection
• PMID 24051831

• Impact of weightlessness on cardiac shape and left ventricular stress/strain distributions.

• Iskovitz I, Kassemi M, Thomas JD.AbstractIn this paper, a finite element model of the heart is developed to investigate the impact of different gravitational loadings of Earth, Mars, Moon, and microgravity on the cardiac shape and strain/stress distributions in the left ventricle. The finite element model is based on realistic 3D heart geometry, detailed fiber/sheet micro-architecture, and a validated orthotropic cardiac tissue model and constitutive relationship that capture the passive behavior of the heart at end-diastole. The model predicts the trend and magnitude of cardiac shape change at different gravitational levels with great fidelity in comparison to recent cardiac sphericity measurements performed during simulated reduced-gravity parabolic flight experiments. Moreover, the numerical predictions indicate that although the left ventricular strain distributions remain relatively unaltered across the gravitational fields and the strain extrema values occur at the same relative locations, their values change noticeably with decreasing gravity. As for the stress, however, both the magnitude and location of the extrema change with a decrease in the gravitational field. Consequently, tension regions of the heart on Earth can change into compression regions in space.
• Journal of biomechanical engineering.J Biomech Eng.2013 Dec 1;135(12):121008-11. doi: 10.1115/1.4025464.
• In this paper, a finite element model of the heart is developed to investigate the impact of different gravitational loadings of Earth, Mars, Moon, and microgravity on the cardiac shape and strain/stress distributions in the left ventricle. The finite element model is based on realistic 3D heart geo
• PMID 24048335

• Left ventricle segmentation in MRI via convex relaxed distribution matching.

• Nambakhsh CM, Yuan J, Punithakumar K, Goela A, Rajchl M, Peters TM, Ayed IB.SourceWestern University, London, Ontario, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada. Electronic address: msnambakhsh2011@gmail.com.
• Medical image analysis.Med Image Anal.2013 Dec;17(8):1010-24. doi: 10.1016/j.media.2013.05.002. Epub 2013 Jun 10.
• A fundamental step in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, automatic left ventricle (LV) segmentation in cardiac magnetic resonance images (MRIs) is still acknowledged to be a difficult problem. Most of the existing algorithms require either extensive training or intensive user inputs. This stu
• PMID 23851075

Japanese Journal

• MRIで心臓を診る : MRIによる術後評価 : Fontan手術 (特集 小児の画像診断の進歩)

• 脇 研自
• 循環器内科 77(3), 236-242, 2015-03
• NAID 40020401423

• 左心低形成症候群に対する外科治療：3ヶ月Norwood＋両方向性Glenn手術と1ヶ月Norwood＋右室–肺動脈シャント手術の比較

• 山内 早苗,川田 博昭,盤井 成光,小森 元貴,富永 佑児,萱谷 太,稲村 昇,岸本 英文
• 日本小児循環器学会雑誌 31(3), 102-107, 2015
• 目的：左心低形成症候群（HLHS）に対し，我々は，2004年以降，両側肺動脈絞扼術（BPAB）を先行し，生後3ヶ月でNorwood手術（NW）と両方向性Glenn手術（BDG）を行ってきたが，2012年以降はBPAB後1ヶ月でNWと右室肺動脈シャント手術（RV–PA shunt）を行う方針に変更した．目的は，この治療方針の妥当性を検討すること．対象と方法：2004年1月から2013年12月までに当 …
• NAID 130005074637

• 急性期脳梗塞を来し，心室内血栓から脳塞栓症を再発した，たこつぼ型心筋症疑いの1 例

• 杉村 勇輔,関根 真悠,山田 哲,此枝 史恵,星野 晴彦,高木 誠
• 脳卒中 37(3), 155-160, 2015
• 要旨：症例は64 歳の男性，意識障害にて搬送され，救急外来にて左後大脳動脈領域に急性期脳梗塞を認め，左心室壁運動障害を合併していた．入院し抗凝固療法を速やかに施行した．しかし第7病日に左心室内血栓を形成，抗凝固療法を強化したが，第19 病日に左中大脳動脈領域に広範な脳梗塞を再発した．フォローアップの経胸壁心エコーでは壁運動は改善し血栓は消失していた．入院時に急性期脳梗塞およびたこつぼ型心筋症疑いを …
• NAID 130005072682

Related Links

• cardiac ventricle - definition of cardiac ventricle by the Free ...

(redirected from cardiac ventricle) Also found in: Medical, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia 0.01 sec. ven·tri·cle (v n tr-k l) n. A small cavity or chamber within a body or organ, especially: a. The chamber on the left side of the heart that b. ...

• cardiac ventricle - definition of cardiac ventricle in the Medical ...

ventricle /ven·tri·cle/ (ven´trĭ-k'l) a small cavity or chamber, as in the brain or heart.ventric´ular ventricle of Arantius the rhomboid fossa, especially its lower end. double-inlet ventricle a congenital anomaly in which both atrioventricular ...

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ventricular」「heart ventricle」
関連記事	「ventricle」「cardiac」

「ventricular」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 室の、心室の、脳室の、心室性の

関

cardiac ventricle、cerebral ventricle、cerebroventricle、cerebroventricular、heart ventricle、ventricle、ventriculi、ventriculus

　

「heart ventricle」

　　[★]

心室

関

cardiac ventricle、left ventricle、right ventricle、ventricle、ventricular

「ventricle」

　　[★]

• n.

• 室、心室、脳室

関

cardiac ventricle、cerebral ventricle、cerebroventricle、cerebroventricular、heart ventricle、ventricular、ventriculi、ventriculus

　 　 　

「cardiac」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 心臓の、心の、心臓性、強心の

関

cardio、cardiotonic、heart、mind