WordNet

(microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission; important as pathogens and for biochemical properties; taxonomy is difficult; often considered to be plants (同)bacterium
relating to or caused by bacteria; "bacterial infection"
a poisonous substance produced during the metabolism and growth of certain microorganisms and some higher plant and animal species

PrepTutorEJDIC

『バクテリア』,細菌
バクテリアの,細菌の
(特にバクテリアの)毒素

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/09/19 15:27:50」(JST)

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Microbial toxins are toxins produced by micro-organisms, including bacteria and fungi. Microbial toxins promote infection and disease by directly damaging host tissues and by disabling the immune system. Some bacterial toxins, such as Botulinum neurotoxins, are the most potent natural toxins known. However, microbial toxins also have important uses in medical science and research. Potential applications of toxin research include combating microbial virulence, the development of novel anticancer drugs and other medicines, and the use of toxins as tools in neurobiology and cellular biology.^[1]

Bacterial toxin

Bacteria generate toxins^[2] which can be classified as either exotoxins or endotoxins. Exotoxins are generated and actively secreted; endotoxins remain part of the bacteria. Usually, an endotoxin is part of the bacterial outer membrane, and it is not released until the bacterium is killed by the immune system. The body's response to an endotoxin can involve severe inflammation. In general, the inflammation process is usually considered beneficial to the infected host, but if the reaction is severe enough, it can lead to sepsis.

Some bacterial toxins can be used in the treatment of tumors.^[3]

Toxinosis is pathogenesis caused by the bacterial toxin alone, not necessarily involving bacterial infection (e.g. when the bacteria have died, but have already produced toxin, which are ingested). It can be caused by Staphylococcus aureus toxins, for example.^[4]

Botulinum neurotoxin

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the causative agents of the deadly food poisoning disease botulism, and could pose a major biological warfare threat due to their extreme toxicity and ease of production. They also serve as powerful tools to treat an ever expanding list of medical conditions.^[5]

Tetanus toxin

Clostridium tetani produces tetanus toxin (TeNT protein), which leads to a fatal condition known as tetanus in many vertebrates (including humans) and invertebrates.

Staphylococcal toxins

Immune evasion proteins from Staphylococcus aureus have a significant conservation of protein structures and a range of activities that are all directed at the two key elements of host immunity, complement and neutrophils. These secreted virulence factors assist the bacterium in surviving immune response mechanisms.^[6]

References

^ Proft T (editor) (2009). Microbial Toxins: Current Research and Future Trends. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-44-8.
^ "bacterial toxins" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ "Definition of bacterial toxin - NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms". Retrieved 2008-12-13.
^ Page 348 in: Fisher, Bruce; Harvey, Richard P.; Champe, Pamela C. Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series). Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-8215-5.
^ Kukreja R, Singh BR (2009). "Botulinum Neurotoxins: Structure and Mechanism of Action". Microbial Toxins: Current Research and Future Trends. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-44-8.
^ Langley; et al. (2009). "Staphylococcal Immune Evasion Toxins". Microbial Toxins: Current Research and Future Trends. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-44-8.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 嫌気性感染症における病態生理：臨床的な手がかり、および微生物の回収方法 pathophysiology clinical clues and recovery of organisms in anaerobic infections
2. 病原性大腸菌 pathogenic escherichia coli
3. ブドウ球菌性毒素性ショック症候群 staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome
4. ボツリヌス中毒 botulism
5. 連鎖球菌毒素性ショック症候群の治療 treatment of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome

English Journal

Hybrid microarray based on double biomolecular markers of DNA and carbohydrate for simultaneous genotypic and phenotypic detection of cholera toxin-producing Vibrio cholerae.

Shin HH1, Seo JH2, Kim CS3, Hwang BH4, Cha HJ5.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2016 May 15;79:398-405. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.12.073. Epub 2015 Dec 21.
Life-threatening diarrheal cholera is usually caused by water or food contaminated with cholera toxin-producing Vibrio cholerae. For the prevention and surveillance of cholera, it is crucial to rapidly and precisely detect and identify the etiological causes, such as V. cholerae and/or its toxin. In
PMID 26735874

Editorial: Why still study bacterial toxins in the third millennium?

Frisan T1, Sebo P2.
Pathogens and disease.Pathog Dis.2016 Apr;74(3). pii: ftw009. doi: 10.1093/femspd/ftw009. Epub 2016 Jan 26.
PMID 26818621

Japanese Journal

ボツリヌス毒素複合体の構造と機能

大山徹
東京農業大学農学集報 57(4), 223-232, 2013-03-18
ボツリヌス神経毒素(BoNT)は,自然界最強の毒素であり,コリン作動性シナプスからの神経伝達物質放出の阻害によって,ヒトや動物のボツリヌス症として知られる致死的な疾病を引き起こす。ボツリヌス菌株は,BoNT の抗原性の違いにより,A から G 型の血清型に分類され,A,B,E および F 型はヒトに対して,一方 C および D 型は動物や鳥類のボツリヌス症の原因物質とされている。全ての血清型の B …
NAID 110009558067

Phospholipase C Produced by Clostridium botulinum Types C and D:Comparison of Gene, Enzymatic, and Biological Activities with Those of Clostridium perfringens Alpha-toxin

Fatmawati Ni Nengah Dwi,Sakaguchi Yoshihiko,Suzuki Tomonori,Oda Masataka,Shimizu Kenta,Yamamoto Yumiko,Sakurai Jun,Matsushita Osamu,Oguma Keiji
Acta Medica Okayama 67(1), 9-18, 2013-02
… The enzymatic and hemolytic activities of the recombinant Cb-PLC were measured and compared with those of the Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin. … The protein consists of 2 domains, the N- and C-domains, and the overall amino acid sequence identity between Cb-PLC and alpha-toxin was greater than 50%, suggesting that Cb-PLC is homologous to the alpha-toxin. …
NAID 120005232332