関: bacterial diarrheal disease

WordNet

(microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission; important as pathogens and for biochemical properties; taxonomy is difficult; often considered to be plants (同)bacterium
relating to or caused by bacteria; "bacterial infection"
frequent and watery bowel movements; can be a symptom of infection or food poisoning or colitis or a gastrointestinal tumor (同)diarrhoea, looseness of the bowels, looseness

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1. 資源の豊富な国の成人における急性下痢に対するアプローチ approach to the adult with acute diarrhea in resource rich countries
2. 小児における下痢の評価 evaluation of diarrhea in children
3. 旅行者下痢症：臨床症状、診断、および治療 travelers diarrhea clinical manifestations diagnosis and treatment
4. 資源に富んだ国における急性下痢の疫学および原因 epidemiology and causes of acute diarrhea in resource rich countries
5. 小児における慢性下痢の原因の概要 overview of the causes of chronic diarrhea in children

English Journal

Simultaneous rapid sequencing of multiple RNA virus genomes.

Neill JD1, Bayles DO2, Ridpath JF3.Author information 1Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, ARS, Ames, IA, United States. Electronic address: john.neill@ars.usda.gov.2Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, ARS, Ames, IA, United States.3Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, ARS, Ames, IA, United States.AbstractComparing sequences of archived viruses collected over many years to the present allows the study of viral evolution and contributes to the design of new vaccines. However, the difficulty, time and expense of generating full-length sequences individually from each archived sample have hampered these studies. Next generation sequencing technologies have been utilized for analysis of clinical and environmental samples to identify viral pathogens that may be present. This has led to the discovery of many new, uncharacterized viruses from a number of viral families. Use of these sequencing technologies would be advantageous in examining viral evolution. In this study, a sequencing procedure was used to sequence simultaneously and rapidly multiple archived samples using a single standard protocol. This procedure utilized primers composed of 20 bases of known sequence with 8 random bases at the 3'-end that also served as an identifying barcode that allowed the differentiation each viral library following pooling and sequencing. This conferred sequence independence by random priming both first and second strand cDNA synthesis. Viral stocks were treated with a nuclease cocktail to reduce the presence of host nucleic acids. Viral RNA was extracted, followed by single tube random-primed double-stranded cDNA synthesis. The resultant cDNAs were amplified by primer-specific PCR, pooled, size fractionated and sequenced on the Ion Torrent PGM platform. The individual virus genomes were readily assembled by both de novo and template-assisted assembly methods. This procedure consistently resulted in near full length, if not full-length, genomic sequences and was used to sequence multiple bovine pestivirus and coronavirus isolates simultaneously.
Journal of virological methods.J Virol Methods.2014 Jun;201:68-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.02.016. Epub 2014 Feb 28.
Comparing sequences of archived viruses collected over many years to the present allows the study of viral evolution and contributes to the design of new vaccines. However, the difficulty, time and expense of generating full-length sequences individually from each archived sample have hampered these
PMID 24589514

Acid stress management by Cronobacter sakazakii.

Alvarez-Ordóñez A1, Cummins C2, Deasy T2, Clifford T2, Begley M3, Hill C4.Author information 1School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Food for Health Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. Electronic address: a.alvarezordonez@ucc.ie.2School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Food for Health Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.3Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland.4School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Food for Health Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.AbstractCronobacter sakazakii is a foodborne pathogenic microorganism associated with sporadic cases of neonatal meningitis, necrotising enterocolitis, septicaemia, bloody diarrhoea and brain abscesses acquired through the consumption of contaminated powdered infant formula (PIF). This study aimed to investigate the growth of C. sakazakii DPC6529, a particularly stress tolerant clinical isolate, in acidified laboratory media and PIF. The possibility of a stationary-phase acid tolerance response (ATR) was also investigated. C. sakazakii DPC6529 grew in LB broth acidified to pH4.2 with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and was capable of relatively fast growth in PIF acidified to pH5.0 with HCl, representing the stomach pH reported for newborns and infants. Moreover, bacterial growth in LB broth supplemented with 1% (w/v) glucose gave rise to a stationary-phase ATR which resulted in enhanced survival against a subsequent acid challenge at pH3.0. A transposon mutagenesis approach was used to shed light on some of the molecular mechanisms involved in the response C. sakazakii DPC6529 to normally lethal acid exposures. The data suggests that repairing damage in proteins and nucleic acids, posttranscriptional modification of tRNA molecules and maintenance of the integrity of the cellular envelope are key processes in the defence against acid stress. Clones carrying transposon insertions in genes encoding the envelope stress response regulators CpxR and OmpR were identified as acid-sensitive mutants. Further analyses of the ompR defective mutant and its complemented counterpart evidenced that OmpR is a key player in the response of C. sakazakii to acid stress, although it was not essential to mount an active stationary-phase ATR, at least under the tested conditions. The ability of C. sakazakii DPC6529 to grow in acid environments and to develop an adaptive stationary-phase ATR may allow for its survival or even proliferation within the infant gastrointestinal tract after consumption of contaminated milk formulae.
International journal of food microbiology.Int J Food Microbiol.2014 May 16;178:21-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.03.001. Epub 2014 Mar 11.
Cronobacter sakazakii is a foodborne pathogenic microorganism associated with sporadic cases of neonatal meningitis, necrotising enterocolitis, septicaemia, bloody diarrhoea and brain abscesses acquired through the consumption of contaminated powdered infant formula (PIF). This study aimed to invest
PMID 24667315

Novel antigens for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli vaccines.

Fleckenstein J1, Sheikh A, Qadri F.Author information 1Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.AbstractEnterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are the most common bacterial pathogens causing diarrhea in developing countries where they lead to hundreds of thousands of deaths, mostly in children. These organisms are a leading cause of diarrheal illness in travelers to endemic countries. ETEC pathogenesis, and consequently vaccine approaches, have largely focused on plasmid-encoded enterotoxins or fimbrial colonization factors. To date these approaches have not yielded a broadly protective vaccine. However, recent studies suggest that ETEC pathogenesis is more complex than previously appreciated and involves additional plasmid and chromosomally encoded virulence molecules that can be targeted in vaccines. Here, we review recent novel antigen discovery efforts, potential contribution of these proteins to the molecular pathogenesis of ETEC and protective immunity, and the potential implications for development of next generation vaccines for important pathogens. These proteins may help to improve the effectiveness of future vaccines by making them simpler and possibly broadly protective because of their conserved nature.
Expert review of vaccines.Expert Rev Vaccines.2014 May;13(5):631-9. doi: 10.1586/14760584.2014.905745. Epub 2014 Apr 4.
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are the most common bacterial pathogens causing diarrhea in developing countries where they lead to hundreds of thousands of deaths, mostly in children. These organisms are a leading cause of diarrheal illness in travelers to endemic countries. ETEC pathogenes
PMID 24702311