関: Xenorhabdus nematophila

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/08/10 22:37:31」(JST)

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Xenorhabdus is a genus of motile, gram-negative bacteria from the family of the Enterobacteriaceae. It has the particularity that all the species of the genus live in symbiosis with soil entomopathogenic nematodes from the genus Steinernema.^[1]

Although no free-living forms of Xenorhabdus have ever been isolated outside of the nematode host, the benefits for the bacteria are still unknown. However, it has been demonstrated that the nematode can't establish within his insect host without the bacteria.^[2]

The tripartite Xenorhabdus-nematode-insect interaction represents a model system in which both mutualistic and pathogenic processes can be studied in a single bacterial species. In laboratory, some species are virulent directly injected within the insect host, whereas others species need the nematode to penetrate into the insect.^[2]

Lifecycle

In the non-infestant-stage nematode living in the soil, Xenorhabdus spp. are carried in a specialized region of the intestine, termed the receptacle.
At the third-stage of development, the infective juvenile (IJs) invade the hemocoel of susceptible insect hosts.
The bacteria are released in the insect hemocoel, where they overcome the insect's defense systems and produce numerous virulence factors such as hemolysin and cytotoxin. They participate in suppressing insect immunity and killing the host.
The bacteria proliferate to high levels in the insect cadaver and produce diverse antimicrobial compounds that suppress the growth of antagonistic microorganisms. Xenorhabdus spp. also secrete an array of exoenzymes that stimulate macromolecular degradation, the products of which, together with the bacteria themselves, are thought to provide a nutrient base for nematode growth and reproduction.
When nematode numbers become high and nutrients become limiting in the insect cadaver, nematode progeny re-associate with bacteria and differentiate into colonized, non-feeding IJs that emerge into the soil to forage for new hosts.

Phylogeny

Biological pest control

The mutualistic association between Xenorhabdus and Steinernema represent an insectidical complex, active against a large range of insect pests. Indeed, the complex is used in biological pest control, and is very efficient against insects such as Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera), Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera), Tipulidae family (Diptera). Xenorhabdus nematofila is the most used species in biological control, in association with Steinernema carpocapse and Steinernema feltiae.

The pathogenicity of the complex is "species-specific", which means that the complex can only be active against a specific range of insects.

The Steinernema-Xenorhabdus association is currently sold as biocontrol agent by private companies, like Biobest, SUMI AGRO, and Biosafe.

Perspectives

A study carried out by Furgani G. & Al^[3] suggests that the antibiotic compounds produced by Xenorhabdus to preserve the insect cadaver from others bacteria may be used in the aim of controlling mastitis caused by bacteria. Indeed, Xenorhabdus budapestensis, X. szentirmaii and X. nematofila appear to be efficient against pathogens such as Staphylocuccus aureus and Escherichia coli.

References

As of this edit, this article uses content from "The Entomopathogenic Bacterial Endosymbionts Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus: Convergent Lifestyles from Divergent Genomes", which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, but not under the GFDL. All relevant terms must be followed.

^ John M. Chaston; Garret Suen; Sarah L. Tucker; Aaron W. Andersen; Archna Bhasin; Edna Bode; Helge B. Bode; Alexander O. Brachmann; et al. (2011-11-18). "The Entomopathogenic Bacterial Endosymbionts Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus: Convergent Lifestyles from Divergent Genomes". PLoS ONE. 6 (11): e27909. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027909. PMC 3220699. PMID 22125637. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
^ ^a ^b Gaudriault S., Ogier J.C.; Pagès S.; Bisch G.; Chiapello H.; Médigue C.; Rouy Z.; Teyssier C.; Vincent S.; Tailliez P.; Guivaudan A. (2014-07-25). "Attenued Virulence And Genomic Reductive Evolution In The Entomopathogenic Bacterial Symbiont Species, Xenorhabdus poinarii". Genome Biology and Evolution. 6 (6): 1495–1513. doi:10.1093/gbe/evu119. PMC 4079199. PMID 24904010. Retrieved 2014-05-30.
^ Wolf S.L., Furgani G.; Böszörményi E.; Fodor A.; Máthé-Fodor A.; Forst S.; Hogan J.S.; Katona Z.; Klein M.G.; Stackebrandt E.; Szentirmai A.; Sztaricskai F. (2007-08-25). "Xenorhabdus Antibiotics: a comparative analysis and potential utility for controlling mastisis caused by bacteria". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 104 (2008): 745–758. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03613.x. Retrieved 2007-03-10.

Bibliography

Goodrich-Blair H. & Clarke D.J. (2007). Mutualism and pathogenesis in Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus: two roads for the same destination. Molecular Microbiology (2007) 64(2), 260-268. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05671.x
Sicard M. & Al (2004). When mutualists are pathogens: an experimental study of the symbioses between Steinernema (entomopathogenic nematodes) and Xenorhabdus (bacteria). Genome Biology And Evolution 17(2004)985-993. doi: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00748.x
Pilar F. & Al (2006). Phylogenetic relationships of Bacteria with special reference to endosymbionts and enteric species. The Prokaryotes, pp 41–59.

External links

Xenorhabdus, List Of species
Nematodes as Biological Control Agents of Insects
Parasitic Nematodes Home Page

English Journal

Life history trait analysis of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae provides the basis for prediction of dauer juvenile yields in monoxenic liquid culture.

Addis T1,2, Teshome A3, Strauch O2, Ehlers RU4,5,6.
Applied microbiology and biotechnology.Appl Microbiol Biotechnol.2016 May;100(10):4357-66. doi: 10.1007/s00253-015-7220-y. Epub 2015 Dec 23.
Entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema spp.) are used in integrated pest management to control insect pests in cryptic environments. The nematodes are mass produced in monoxenic liquid culture with their symbiotic bacteria Xenorhabdus spp. For a better understanding of nematode population dynamics,
PMID 26701359

Development and population dynamics of Steinernema yirgalemense (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and growth characteristics of its associated Xenorhabdus indica symbiont in liquid culture.

Ferreira T1, Addison MF1, Malan AP1.
Journal of helminthology.J Helminthol.2016 May;90(3):364-71. doi: 10.1017/S0022149X15000450. Epub 2015 Jul 9.
Entomopathogenic nematodes have become a valuable addition to the range of biological control agents available for insect control. An endemic nematode, Steinernema yirgalemense, has been found to be effective against a wide range of key insect pests. The next step would be the mass production this n
PMID 26156314

Assessment of Bacterial Communities in Thirteen Species of Laboratory-Cultured Domestic Mites (Acari: Acaridida).

Hubert J1, Kopecky J2, Sagova-Mareckova M2, Nesvorna M2, Zurek L3, Erban T2.
Journal of economic entomology.J Econ Entomol.2016 Apr 27. pii: tow089. [Epub ahead of print]
House dust mites (HDMs) and stored-product mites (SPMs) of various species inhabit human homes and stored agricultural products. These mites are carriers and hosts of microorganisms that enable their survival. The bacteriome from 13 species of SPMs and HDMs was analyzed and compared by 454 pyroseque
PMID 27122496

Japanese Journal

Identification of a new antimicrobial lysine-rich cyclolipopeptide family from Xenorhabdus nematophila

GUALTIERI Maxime,AUMELAS Andre,THALER Jacques-Olivier
Journal of antibiotics 62(6), 295-302, 2009-06-25
NAID 10030635367

Pathogenicity of additional strains of Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus (Enterobacteriaceae) to the mushroom mite Luciaphorus perniciosus (Acari: Pygmephoridae)

Bussaman Prapassorn,Sobanboa Siriphan,Grewal Parwinder S. [他],Chandrapatya Angsumarn
Applied Entomology and Zoology 44(2), 293-299, 2009
… The pathogenicity of six strains of the entomopathogenic bacteria Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus, symbiotically associated with the entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis and Steinernema, respectively, to the mushroom mite, Luciaphorus perniciosus was studied. …
NAID 130000143007

日本産Steinernema属線虫とXenorhabdus属細菌の系統解析

鍬田龍星,重松学,吉賀豊司 [他]
Japanese journal of nematology 36(2), 75-85, 2006-12
NAID 40015270760

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リンク元	「ゼノラブダス属」「ゼノラブダス」
拡張検索	「Xenorhabdus属」「Xenorhabdus nematophila」

「ゼノラブダス属」

Xenorhabdus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Gammaproteobacteria
Order:	Enterobacteriales
Family:	Enterobacteriaceae
Genus:	Xenorhabdus; Thomas & Poinar, 1979
Species
	Xenorhabdus beddingii; Xenorhabdus bovienii; Xenorhabdus budapestensis; Xenorhabdus cabanillasii; Xenorhabdus doucetiae; Xenorhabdus ehlersii; Xenorhabdus griffiniae; Xenorhabdus hominickii; Xenorhabdus indica; Xenorhabdus innexi; Xenorhabdus ishibashii; Xenorhabdus japonica; Xenorhabdus khoisanae; Xenorhabdus koppenhoeferi; Xenorhabdus kozodoii; Xenorhabdus magdalenensis; Xenorhabdus mauleonii; Xenorhabdus miraniensis; Xenorhabdus nematophila; Xenorhabdus poinarii; Xenorhabdus romanii; Xenorhabdus stockiae; Xenorhabdus szentirmaii; Xenorhabdus vietnamensis