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act so as to bring into existence; "effect a change"
a symptom caused by an illness or a drug; "the effects of sleep loss"; "the effect of the anesthetic"
(of a law) having legal validity; "the law is still in effect" (同)force
the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work (同)essence, burden, core, gist
an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived); "he just did it for effect"
produce; "The scientists set up a shock wave" (同)effectuate, set_up
British physicist (born in Ireland) remembered for his experiments on the transparency of gases and the absorption of radiant heat by gases and the transmission of sound through the atmosphere; he was the first person to explain why the daylight sky is bl (同)John Tyndall
property of a personal character that is portable but not used in business; "she left some of her personal effects in the house"; "I watched over their effects until they returned" (同)personal_effects

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〈C〉〈U〉『結果』 / 〈C〉〈U〉(…への)『効果』,効きめ,影響《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉(色・音・形などの)印象,感銘 / 《複数形で》品物;身の回り品;動産,財産 / (結果として)…‘を'『もたらす』;〈目的など〉‘を'果たす,遂行する

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/12/16 15:27:42」(JST)

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Flour suspended in water appears to be blue because only scattered light reaches the viewer and blue light is scattered by the flour particles more than red.

The Tyndall effect, also known as Tyndall scattering, is light scattering by particles in a colloid or particles in a fine suspension. It is named after the 19th-century physicist John Tyndall. It is similar to Rayleigh scattering, in that the intensity of the scattered light depends on the fourth power of the frequency, so blue light is scattered much more strongly than red light. An example in everyday life is the blue colour sometimes seen in the smoke emitted by motorcycles, in particular two-stroke machines where the burnt engine oil provides the particles.

Under the Tyndall effect, the longer-wavelength light is more transmitted while the shorter-wavelength light is more reflected via scattering. An analogy to this wavelength dependency is that longwave electromagnetic waves such as radio waves are able to pass through the walls of buildings, while shortwave electromagnetic waves such as light waves are stopped and reflected by the walls. The Tyndall effect is seen when light-scattering particulate-matter is dispersed in an otherwise-light-transmitting medium, when the cross-section of an individual particulate is the range of roughly between 40 and 900 nanometers, i.e., somewhat below or near the wavelength of visible light (400–750 nanometers).

It is particularly applicable to colloidal mixtures and suspensions; for example, the Tyndall effect is used commercially to determine the size and density of particles in aerosols and other colloidal matter (see ultramicroscope and turbidimeter).

Difference from Rayleigh scattering

The Tyndall effect in opalescent glass: It appears blue from the side, but orange light shines through.^[1]

Rayleigh scattering is defined by a mathematical formula that requires the light-scattering particles to be far smaller than the wavelength of the light. For a dispersion of particles to qualify for the Rayleigh formula, the particle sizes need to be below roughly 40 nanometres, and the particles may be individual molecules. Colloidal particles are bigger, and are in the rough vicinity of the size of a wavelength of light. Tyndall scattering, i.e. colloidal particle scattering, is much more intense than Rayleigh scattering due to the bigger particle sizes involved. The importance of the particle size factor for intensity can be seen in the large exponent it has in the mathematical statement of the intensity of Rayleigh scattering. There is no equivalent mathematical statement for Tyndall scattering. But, if the colloid particles are spheroid, Tyndall scattering is mathematically analysable in terms of Mie theory, which admits particle sizes in the rough vicinity of the wavelength of light.

Blue irises

A blue iris

A blue iris in an eye is due to Tyndall scattering in a turbid layer in the iris. Brown and black irises have the same layer except with more melanin in it. The melanin absorbs light. In the absence of melanin, the layer is translucent (i.e., the light passing through is randomly and diffusely scattered) and a noticeable portion of the light that enters this turbid layer re-emerges via a scattered path. That is, there is backscatter, the redirection of the lightwaves back out to the open air. Scattering takes place to a greater extent at the shorter wavelengths. The longer wavelengths tend to pass straight through the turbid layer with unaltered paths, and then encounter the next layer further back in the iris, which is a light absorber. Thus, the longer wavelengths are not reflected (by scattering) back to the open air as much as the shorter wavelengths are. Since the shorter wavelengths are the blue wavelengths, this gives rise to a blue hue in the light that comes out of the eye.^[2]^[3] The blue iris is an example of a structural color, in contradistinction to a pigment color. The complete absence of pigment in eyes (albinism) causes the eye to appear red, due to the visibility of the red of the retina through the iris.^[4]

Some phenomena that are not Tyndall scattering

On a day when the sky is overcast, the sunlight passes through the turbid layer of the clouds, resulting in scattered, diffuse light on the ground. This does not exhibit Tyndall scattering because the cloud droplets are larger than the wavelength of light and scatter all colors approximately equally. On a day when the sky is cloud-free, the sky's color is blue in consequence of light scattering, but this is not termed Tyndall scattering (instead it is Rayleigh scattering) because the scattering particles are the molecules of the air, which are much smaller than the wavelength of the light.^[5] On occasion, the term Tyndall effect is incorrectly applied to light scattering by macroscopic dust particles in the air.

References

^ http://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/14B.html
^ For a short overview of how the Tyndall Effect creates the blue and green colors in animals see uni-hannover.de and for information in greater detail see Colourandlife.com.
^ Sturm R.A. & Larsson M., Genetics of human iris colour and patterns, Pigment Cell Melanoma Res, 22:544-562, 2009.
^ Blue & red | Causes of Color
^ "Human color vision and the unsaturated blue color of the daytime sky", Glenn S. Smith, American Journal of Physics, Volume 73, Issue 7, pp. 590-597 (2005).

UpToDate Contents

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1. 後天性色素性母斑（ほくろ） acquired melanocytic nevi moles
2. 色素細胞性母斑（ほくろ）以外の良性色素性皮膚病変 benign pigmented skin lesions other than melanocytic nevi moles
3. 注入可能軟部組織充填剤：非永久性充填剤 injectable soft tissue fillers temporary agents

English Journal

The effect of boundary adaptivity on hexagonal ordering and bistability in circularly confined quasi hard discs.

Williams I1, Oğuz EC2, Jack RL3, Bartlett P4, Löwen H2, Royall CP1.Author information 1H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Ave., Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom.2Institut für Theoretische Physik II, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.3Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.4School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom.AbstractThe behaviour of materials under spatial confinement is sensitively dependent on the nature of the confining boundaries. In two dimensions, confinement within a hard circular boundary inhibits the hexagonal ordering observed in bulk systems at high density. Using colloidal experiments and Monte Carlo simulations, we investigate two model systems of quasi hard discs under circularly symmetric confinement. The first system employs an adaptive circular boundary, defined experimentally using holographic optical tweezers. We show that deformation of this boundary allows, and indeed is required for, hexagonal ordering in the confined system. The second system employs a circularly symmetric optical potential to confine particles without a physical boundary. We show that, in the absence of a curved wall, near perfect hexagonal ordering is possible. We propose that the degree to which hexagonal ordering is suppressed by a curved boundary is determined by the "strictness" of that wall.
The Journal of chemical physics.J Chem Phys.2014 Mar 14;140(10):104907. doi: 10.1063/1.4867785.
The behaviour of materials under spatial confinement is sensitively dependent on the nature of the confining boundaries. In two dimensions, confinement within a hard circular boundary inhibits the hexagonal ordering observed in bulk systems at high density. Using colloidal experiments and Monte Carl
PMID 24628205

Effect of soil moisture on chlorine deposition.

Hearn J1, Eichler J2, Hare C3, Henley M4.Author information 1Air Force Research Laboratory, Airbase Technologies Division, 139 Barnes Dr. Suite 2, Tyndall AFB, FL 32403, United States. Electronic address: jhearn@leeuniversity.edu.2Universal Technology Corporation, 139 Barnes Dr. Suite 2, Tyndall AFB, FL 32403, United States.3Air Force Research Laboratory, Airbase Technologies Division, 139 Barnes Dr. Suite 2, Tyndall AFB, FL 32403, United States.4Air Force Civil Engineer Center, 139 Barnes Dr. Suite 2, Tyndall AFB, FL 32403, United States.AbstractThe effect of soil moisture on chlorine (Cl2) deposition was examined in laboratory chamber experiments at high Cl2 exposures by measuring the concentration of chloride (Cl(-)) in soil columns. Soil mixtures with varying amounts of clay, sand, and organic matter and with moisture contents up to 20% (w/w) were exposed to ≈3×10(4)ppm Cl2 vapor. For low water content soils, additional water increased the reaction rate as evidenced by higher Cl(-) concentration at higher soil moisture content. Results also showed that the presence of water restricted transport of Cl2 into the soil columns and caused lower overall deposition of Cl2 in the top 0.48-cm layer of soil when water filled ≈60% or more of the void space in the column. Numerical solutions to partial differential equations of Fick's law of diffusion and a simple rate law for Cl2 reaction corroborated conclusions derived from the data. For the soil mixtures and conditions of these experiments, moisture content that filled 30-50% of the available void space yielded the maximum amount of Cl2 deposition in the top 0.48cm of soil.
Journal of hazardous materials.J Hazard Mater.2014 Feb 28;267:81-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.12.044. Epub 2013 Dec 27.
The effect of soil moisture on chlorine (Cl2) deposition was examined in laboratory chamber experiments at high Cl2 exposures by measuring the concentration of chloride (Cl(-)) in soil columns. Soil mixtures with varying amounts of clay, sand, and organic matter and with moisture contents up to 20%
PMID 24434132

Production of dissolvable microneedles using an atomised spray process: Effect of microneedle composition on skin penetration.

McGrath MG1, Vucen S2, Vrdoljak A3, Kelly A4, O'Mahony C5, Crean AM6, Moore A7.Author information 1School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. Electronic address: marie_mc_grath@hotmail.com.2School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. Electronic address: svucen@ucc.ie.3School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. Electronic address: avrdoljak@gmail.com.4School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. Electronic address: 109427716@umail.ucc.ie.5Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. Electronic address: conor.omahony@tyndall.ie.6School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. Electronic address: a.crean@ucc.ie.7School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Dept. of Pharmacology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. Electronic address: anne.moore@ucc.ie.AbstractDissolvable microneedles offer an attractive delivery system for transdermal drug and vaccine delivery. They are most commonly formed by filling a microneedle mold with liquid formulation using vacuum or centrifugation to overcome the constraints of surface tension and solution viscosity. Here, we demonstrate a novel microneedle fabrication method employing an atomised spray technique that minimises the effects of the liquid surface tension and viscosity when filling molds. This spray method was successfully used to fabricate dissolvable microneedles (DMN) from a wide range of sugars (trehalose, fructose and raffinose) and polymeric materials (polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and sodium alginate). Fabrication by spraying produced microneedles with amorphous content using single sugar compositions. These microneedles displayed sharp tips and had complete fidelity to the master silicon template. Using a method to quantify the consistency of DMN penetration into different skin layers, we demonstrate that the material of construction significantly influenced the extent of skin penetration. We demonstrate that this spraying method can be adapted to produce novel laminate-layered as well as horizontally-layered DMN arrays. To our knowledge, this is the first report documenting the use of an atomising spray, at ambient, mild processing conditions, to create dissolvable microneedle arrays that can possess novel, laminate layering.
European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V.Eur J Pharm Biopharm.2014 Feb;86(2):200-11. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.04.023. Epub 2013 May 29.
Dissolvable microneedles offer an attractive delivery system for transdermal drug and vaccine delivery. They are most commonly formed by filling a microneedle mold with liquid formulation using vacuum or centrifugation to overcome the constraints of surface tension and solution viscosity. Here, we d
PMID 23727511

Japanese Journal

物体表面反射特性推定のためのチンダル現象を用いたレーザ光反射シミュレーション(テーマセッション,Computational Photography)

小山亮,舩冨卓哉,飯山将晃,椋木雅之,美濃導彦
電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. PRMU, パターン認識・メディア理解 110(296), 73-77, 2010-11-11
本研究では,計測対象となる物体を散乱媒体中に設置し,物体表面にレーザ光を照射した際に入・反射光がチンダル減少によって散乱する様子を複数カメラで観測し,そこから物体表面におけるレーザ光の反射位置とそこでの反射率,および媒体の散乱パラメータを推定する.具体的には,反射位置・反射率・散乱パラメータから光線追跡法によって生成されるシミュレート画像と実際の観測画像とを比較し,最も観測画像とマッチする反射位置 …
NAID 110008152788

Properties of Accumulation-Mode Multi-Gate Field-Effect Transistors

Colinge Jean-Pierre,Lederer Dimitri,Afzalian Aryan,Yan Ran,Lee Chi-Woo,Akhavan Nima Dehdashti,Xiong Weize
Jpn J Appl Phys 48(3), 34502-34502, 2009-03-25
… In this work, we analyze the conduction mechanisms and the electrical performance of intrinsic and doped accumulation-mode (AM) p-type, triple-gate silicon-on-insulator (SOI) metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). …
NAID 150000051980