T4 phage

T4ファージ

関

bacteriophage T2、bacteriophage T4、phage T2、phage T4

WordNet

1. the 20th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)t

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. tritiumの化学記号
2. =bacteriophage

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/04/23 05:14:55」(JST)

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Enterobacteria phage T4
Virus classification
Group:	Group I (dsDNA)
Order:	Caudovirales
Family:	Myoviridae
Genus:	T4likeviruses
Species:	Enterobacteria phage T4

Enterobacteria phage T4 is a bacteriophage that infects Escherichia coli bacteria. The T4 phage is a member of the T-even phages, a group including enterobacteriophages T2 and T6. T4 is capable of undergoing only a lytic lifecycle and not the lysogenic lifecycle.

Genome and structure

The T4 phage's double-stranded DNA genome is about 169 kbp long and encodes 289 proteins. The T4 genome is terminally redundant and is first replicated as a unit, then several genomic units are recombined end-to-end to form a concatemer. When packaged, the concatemer is cut at unspecific positions of the same length, leading to several genomes that represent circular permutations of the original. The T4 genome bears eukaryote-like intron sequences.

Translation

The Shine-Dalgarno sequence GAGG dominates in bacteriophage T4 early genes, whereas the sequence GGAG is a target for the T4 endonuclease RegB that initiates the early mRNA degradation.

Virus particle structure

T4 is a relatively large phage, at approximately 90 nm wide and 200 nm long (most phages range from 25 to 200 nm in length). The DNA genome is held in an icosahedral head, also known as a capsid. The T4’s tail is hollow so that it can pass its nucleic acid into the cell it is infecting after attachment. The tail attaches to a host cell with the help of tail fibres. The tail fibres are also important in recognizing host cell surface receptors, so they determine if a bacterium is within the phage's host range.

Infection process

The T4 phage initiates an E. coli infection by binding OmpC porin proteins and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the surface of E. coli cells with its long tail fibers (LTF). A recognition signal is sent through the LTFs to the baseplate. This unravels the short tail fibers (STF) that bind irreversibly to the E. coli cell surface. The baseplate changes conformation and the tail sheath contracts, causing GP5 at the end of the tail tube to puncture the outer membrane of the cell. The lysozyme domain of GP5 is activated and degrades the periplasmic peptidoglycan layer. The remaining part of the membrane is degraded and then DNA from the head of the phage can travel through the tail tube and enter the E. coli cell.

Life cycle

The lytic lifecycle (from entering a bacterium to its destruction) takes approximately 30 minutes (at 37 °C) and consists of:

• Adsorption and penetration (starting immediately)
• Arrest of host gene expression (starting immediately)
• Enzyme synthesis (starting after 5 minutes)
• DNA replication (starting after 10 minutes)
• Formation of new virus particles (starting after 12 minutes)

After the life cycle is complete, the host cell bursts open and ejects the newly built viruses into the environment, destroying the host cell. T4 has a burst size of approximately 100-150 viral particles per infected host. Complementation, deletion, and recombination tests can be used to map out the rII gene locus by using T4. These bacteriophage infect a host cell with their information and then blow up the host cell, thereby propagating themselves.

Replication and packaging

It has a fast and highly accurate DNA copying mechanism, with only 1 error in 300 copies. The phage also codes for unique DNA repair mechanisms. The T4 DNA packaging motor has been found to load DNA into phage capsids at a rate up to 2000 base pairs per second. The power involved, if scaled up in size, would be equivalent to that of an average automobile engine.

History

The specific time and place of T4 phage isolation remains unclear, though they were likely found in sewage or fecal material. T4 and similar phages were described in a paper by Thomas F. Anderson, Max Delbrück, and Milislav Demerec in November 1944.

A number of Nobel Prize winners worked with phage T4 or T4-like phages including Max Delbrück, Salvador Luria, Alfred Hershey, James D. Watson, and Francis Crick. Other important scientists who worked with phage T4 include Michael Rossmann, Seymour Benzer, Bruce Alberts, Gisela Mosig, Richard Lenski, and James Bull.

See also

• T4 rII system

References

Further reading

• Leiman, P.G., Kanamaru, S., Mesyanzhinov, V.V., Arisaka, F., and Rossmann, M.G., "Structure and morphogenesis of bacteriophage T4."[1]
• Karam, J., Petrov, V., Nolan, J., Chin, D., Shatley, C., Krisch, H., and Letarov, A. The T4-like phages genome project. http://phage.bioc.tulane.edu/. (The T4-like phage full genomic sequence depository)
• Mosig, G., and F. Eiserling. 2006. T4 and related phages: structure and development, R. Calendar and S. T. Abedon (eds.), The Bacteriophages. Oxford University Press, Oxford. (Review of phage T4 biology) ISBN 0-19-514850-9
• Filee J. Tetart F., Suttle C.A., Krisch H.M. (2005). "Marine T4-type bacteriophages, a ubiquitous component of the dark matter of the biosphere". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102 (35): 12471–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.0503404102. PMC 1194919. PMID 16116082.  (Indication of prevalence and T4-like phages in the wild)
• Chibani-Chennoufi S., Canchaya C., Bruttin A., Brussow H. (2004). "Comparative genomics of the T4-Like Escherichia coli phage JS98: implications for the evolution of T4 phages". J. Bacteriol. 186 (24): 8276–86. doi:10.1128/JB.186.24.8276-8286.2004. PMC 532421. PMID 15576776.  (Characterization of a T4-like phage)
• Desplats C, Krisch HM (May 2003). "The diversity and evolution of the T4-type bacteriophages". Res. Microbiol. 154 (4): 259–67. doi:10.1016/S0923-2508(03)00069-X. PMID 12798230. 
• Miller, E.S., Kutter E., Mosig G., Arisaka F., Kunisawa T., Ruger W. (2003). "Bacteriophage T4 genome". Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 67 (1): 86–156. doi:10.1128/MMBR.67.1.86-156.2003. PMC 150520. PMID 12626685.  (Review of phage T4, from the perspective of its genome)
• Desplats C., Dez C., Tetart F., Eleaume H., Krisch H.M. (2002). "Snapshot of the genome of the pseudo-T-even bacteriophage RB49". J. Bacteriol. 184 (10): 2789–2804. doi:10.1128/JB.184.10.2789-2804.2002. PMC 135041. PMID 11976309.  (Overview of the RB49 genome, a T4-like phage)
• Malys N, Chang DY, Baumann RG, Xie D, Black LW (2002). "A bipartite bacteriophage T4 SOC and HOC randomized peptide display library: detection and analysis of phage T4 terminase (gp17) and late sigma factor (gp55) interaction". J Mol Biol 319 (2): 289–304. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00298-X. PMID 12051907.  (T4 phage application in biotechnology for studying protein interaction)
• Tétart F., Desplats C., Kutateladze M., Monod C., Ackermann H.-W., Krisch H.M. (2001). "Phylogeny of the major head and tail genes of the wide-ranging T4-type bacteriophages". J. Bacteriol. 183 (1): 358–366. doi:10.1128/JB.183.1.358-366.2001. PMC 94885. PMID 11114936.  (Indication of the prevalence of T4-type sequences in the wild)
• Abedon S.T. (2000). "The murky origin of Snow White and her T-even dwarfs". Genetics 155 (2): 481–6. PMC 1461100. PMID 10835374.  (Historical description of the isolation of the T4-like phages T2, T4, and T6)
• Ackermann HW, Krisch HM (1997). "A catalogue of T4-type bacteriophages". Arch. Virol. 142 (12): 2329–45. doi:10.1007/s007050050246. PMID 9672598.  (Nearly complete list of then-known T4-like phages)
• Monod C, Repoila F, Kutateladze M, Tétart F, Krisch HM (March 1997). "The genome of the pseudo T-even bacteriophages, a diverse group that resembles T4". J. Mol. Biol. 267 (2): 237–49. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1996.0867. PMID 9096222.  (Overview of various T4-like phages from the perspective of their genomes)
• Kutter E., Gachechiladze K., Poglazov A., Marusich E., Shneider M., Aronsson P., Napuli A., Porter D., Mesyanzhinov V. (1995). "Evolution of T4-related phages". Virus Genes 11 (2-3): 285–297. doi:10.1007/BF01728666. PMID 8828153.  (Comparison of the genomes of various T4-like phages)
• Karam, J. D. et al. 1994. Molecular Biology of Bacteriophage T4. ASM Press, Washington, DC. (The second T4 bible, go here, as well as Mosig and Eiserling, 2006, to begin to learn about the biology T4 phage) ISBN 1-55581-064-0
• Eddy, S. R. 1992. Introns in the T-Even Bacteriophages. Ph.D. thesis. University of Colorado at Boulder. (Chapter 3 provides overview of various T4-like phages as well as the isolation of then-new T4-like phages)
• Surdis, T.J "et al" Bacteriophage attachment methods specific to T4, analysis, Overview.
• Mathews, C. K., E. M. Kutter, G. Mosig, and P. B. Berget. 1983. Bacteriophage T4. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC. (The first T4 bible; not all information here is duplicated in Karam et al., 1994; see especially the introductory chapter by Doermann for a historical overview of the T4-like phages) ISBN 0-914826-56-5
• Russell, R. L. 1967. Speciation Among the T-Even Bacteriophages. Ph.D. thesis. California Institute of Technology. (Isolation of the RB series of T4-like phages)
• Malys N, Nivinskas R (2009). "Non-canonical RNA arrangement in T4-even phages: accommodated ribosome binding site at the gene 26-25 intercistronic junction". Mol Microbiol 73 (6): 1115–1127. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06840.x. PMID 19708923.  (rare type of translational regulation characterized in T4)
• Kay D., Fildes P. (1962). "Hydroxymethylcytosine-containing and tryptophan-dependent bacteriophages isolated from city effluents". J. Gen. Microbiol. 27: 143–6. doi:10.1099/00221287-27-1-143. PMID 14454648.  (T4-like phage isolation, including that of phage Ox2)

External links

• Viralzone: T4-like viruses
• T4 Bacteriophage Infection Process Animations

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English Journal

• A green-light inducible lytic system for cyanobacterial cells.

• Miyake K, Abe K, Ferri S, Nakajima M, Nakamura M, Yoshida W, Kojima K, Ikebukuro K, Sode K.AbstractBACKGROUND: Cyanobacteria are an attractive candidate for the production of biofuel because of their ability to capture carbon dioxide by photosynthesis and grow on non-arable land. However, because huge quantities of water are required for cultivation, strict water management is one of the greatest issues in algae- and cyanobacteria-based biofuel production. In this study, we aim to construct a lytic cyanobacterium that can be regulated by a physical signal (green-light illumination) for future use in the recovery of biofuel related compounds.
• Biotechnology for biofuels.Biotechnol Biofuels.2014 Apr 9;7(1):56. [Epub ahead of print]
• BACKGROUND: Cyanobacteria are an attractive candidate for the production of biofuel because of their ability to capture carbon dioxide by photosynthesis and grow on non-arable land. However, because huge quantities of water are required for cultivation, strict water management is one of the greatest
• PMID 24713090

• Massive programmed translational jumping in mitochondria.

• Lang BF1, Jakubkova M, Hegedusova E, Daoud R, Forget L, Brejova B, Vinar T, Kosa P, Fricova D, Nebohacova M, Griac P, Tomaska L, Burger G, Nosek J.Author information 1Robert Cedergren Centre for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada H3T 1J4.AbstractProgrammed translational bypassing is a process whereby ribosomes "ignore" a substantial interval of mRNA sequence. Although discovered 25 y ago, the only experimentally confirmed example of this puzzling phenomenon is expression of the bacteriophage T4 gene 60. Bypassing requires translational blockage at a "takeoff codon" immediately upstream of a stop codon followed by a hairpin, which causes peptidyl-tRNA dissociation and reassociation with a matching "landing triplet" 50 nt downstream, where translation resumes. Here, we report 81 translational bypassing elements (byps) in mitochondria of the yeast Magnusiomyces capitatus and demonstrate in three cases, by transcript analysis and proteomics, that byps are retained in mitochondrial mRNAs but not translated. Although mitochondrial byps resemble the bypass sequence in the T4 gene 60, they utilize unused codons instead of stops for translational blockage and have relaxed matching rules for takeoff/landing sites. We detected byp-like sequences also in mtDNAs of several Saccharomycetales, indicating that byps are mobile genetic elements. These byp-like sequences lack bypassing activity and are tolerated when inserted in-frame in variable protein regions. We hypothesize that byp-like elements have the potential to contribute to evolutionary diversification of proteins by adding new domains that allow exploration of new structures and functions.
• Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2014 Apr 7. [Epub ahead of print]
• Programmed translational bypassing is a process whereby ribosomes "ignore" a substantial interval of mRNA sequence. Although discovered 25 y ago, the only experimentally confirmed example of this puzzling phenomenon is expression of the bacteriophage T4 gene 60. Bypassing requires translational bloc
• PMID 24711422

• Efficiency of bacteriophage therapy against Cronobacter sakazakii in Galleria mellonella (greater wax moth) larvae.

• Abbasifar R1, Kropinski AM, Sabour PM, Chambers JR, Mackinnon J, Malig T, Griffiths MW.Author information 1Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada, abbasifr@uoguelph.ca.AbstractCronobacter sakazakii, an opportunistic pathogen found in milk-based powdered infant formulae, has been linked to meningitis in infants, with high fatality rates. A set of phages from various environments were purified and tested in vitro against strains of C. sakazakii. Based on host range and lytic activity, the T4-like phage vB_CsaM_GAP161, which belongs to the family Myoviridae, was selected for evaluation of its efficacy against C. sakazakii. Galleria mellonella larvae were used as a whole-animal model for pre-clinical testing of phage efficiency. Twenty-one Cronobacter strains were evaluated for lethality in G. mellonella larvae. Different strains of C. sakazakii caused 0 to 98 % mortality. C. sakazakii 3253, with an LD50 dose of ~2.0 × 105 CFU/larva (24 h, 37 °C) was selected for this study. Larvae infected with a dose of 5 × LD50 were treated with phage GAP161 (MOI = 8) at various time intervals. The mortality rates were as high as 100 % in the groups injected with bacteria only, compared to 16.6 % in the group infected with bacteria and treated with phage. Phage GAP161 showed the best protective activity against C. sakazakii when the larvae were treated prior to or immediately after infection. The results obtained with heat-inactivated phage proved that the survival of the larvae is not due to host immune stimulation. These results suggest that phage GAP161 is potentially a useful control agent against C. sakazakii. In addition, G. mellonella may be a useful whole-animal model for pre-screening phages for efficacy and safety prior to clinical evaluation in mammalian models.
• Archives of virology.Arch Virol.2014 Apr 6. [Epub ahead of print]
• Cronobacter sakazakii, an opportunistic pathogen found in milk-based powdered infant formulae, has been linked to meningitis in infants, with high fatality rates. A set of phages from various environments were purified and tested in vitro against strains of C. sakazakii. Based on host range and lyti
• PMID 24705602

Japanese Journal

• The kinetics of Escherichia coli B growth and bacteriophage T4 multiplication in SM-1 novel minimal culture medium

• The Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 61(3), 75-81, 2015
• NAID 130005090096

• AbpA and AbpB provide anti-phage activity in Escherichia coli

• Genes & Genetic Systems 89(2), 51-60, 2014
• NAID 130004687230

• 3P003 T4ファージgp34C末端側半分の結晶構造から得られたファージ尾繊維に共通の構造(01A.蛋白質:構造,ポスター,日本生物物理学会年会第51回(2013年度))

• 生物物理 53(SUPPLEMENT_1-2), S212, 2013-09-13
• NAID 110009819807

Related Links

• ファージ - Wikipedia

例えば、T4ファージの尾の先端にある基盤を構成する蛋白質にはリゾチームとして機能 する部分があり、これがペプチドグリカンを加水分解して細菌の細胞壁に穴を開ける。 ファージの尾は長くて細菌細胞に核酸を送り込む時に収縮するもの、長くて柔軟に屈曲 ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「T4ファージ」「bacteriophage T4」「bacteriophage T2」「phage T2」「phage T4」
関連記事	「T4」「T」「phage」「t4」

「T4ファージ」

　　[★]

英

bacteriophage T4、phage T4、T4 phage

関

バクテリオファージT4、バクテリオファージT2、ファージT2

「bacteriophage T4」

　　[★]

バクテリオファージT4、T4ファージ

関

bacteriophage T2、phage T2、phage T4、T4 phage

「bacteriophage T2」

　　[★]

• バクテリオファージT2

関

bacteriophage T4、phage T2、phage T4、T4 phage

「phage T2」

　　[★]

• ファージT2

関

bacteriophage T2、bacteriophage T4、phage T4、T4 phage

「phage T4」

　　[★]

T4ファージ

関

bacteriophage T2、bacteriophage T4、phage T2、T4 phage

「T4」

　　[★]

甲状腺ホルモン

• サイロキシン thyroxine

脊椎

同

第4胸椎、第４胸椎、第四胸椎

• 胸骨柄と第4胸椎下縁を結ぶ線が上縦隔と下縦隔の境界となる

「T」

　　[★]

• T波 T wave
• チミン thymine
• ツイスト数
• スレオニントレオニン threonine

　 　

「phage」

　　[★]

• ファージ

関

bacteriophage

　

「t4」

　　[★]

同

T4

関

Thyroxine