リプト藻類

関: Cryptomonas、Cryptophyta

WordNet

a phylum in the kingdom Protoctista (同)phylum Cryptophyta

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/02 07:57:53」(JST)

wiki en

The cryptomonads (or cryptophytes)^[2] are a group of algae,^[3] most of which have plastids. They are common in freshwater, and also occur in marine and brackish habitats. Each cell is around 10–50 μm in size and flattened in shape, with an anterior groove or pocket. At the edge of the pocket there are typically two slightly unequal flagella.

Some may exhibit mixotrophy.^[4]

Characteristics

Cryptomonads are distinguished by the presence of characteristic extrusomes called ejectisomes or ejectosomes, which consist of two connected spiral ribbons held under tension.^[5] If the cells are irritated either by mechanical, chemical or light stress, they discharge, propelling the cell in a zig-zag course away from the disturbance. Large ejectisomes, visible under the light microscope, are associated with the pocket; smaller ones occur underneath the periplast, the cryptophyte-specific cell surrounding.^[6]^[7]

Cryptomonads have one or two chloroplasts, except for Chilomonas, which has leucoplasts and Goniomonas (formerly Cyathomonas) which lacks plastids entirely. These contain chlorophylls a and c, together with phycobiliproteins and other pigments, and vary in color (brown, red to blueish-green). Each is surrounded by four membranes, and there is a reduced cell nucleus called a nucleomorph between the middle two. This indicates that the plastid was derived from a eukaryotic symbiont, shown by genetic studies to have been a red alga.^[8]

A few cryptomonads, such as Cryptomonas, can form palmelloid stages, but readily escape the surrounding mucus to become free-living flagellates again. Some Cryptomonas species may also form immotile resting stages with rigid cell walls (cysts) to survive unfavorable conditions. Cryptomonad flagella are inserted parallel to one another, and are covered by bipartite hairs called mastigonemes, formed within the endoplasmic reticulum and transported to the cell surface. Small scales may also be present on the flagella and cell body. The mitochondria have flat cristae, and mitosis is open; sexual reproduction has also been reported.

Classification

Originally the cryptomonads were considered close relatives of the dinoflagellates because of their (seemingly) similar pigmentation. Later botanists treated them as a separate division, Cryptophyta, while zoologists treated them as the flagellate order Cryptomonadida. There is considerable evidence that cryptomonad chloroplasts are closely related to those of the heterokonts and haptophytes, and the three groups are sometimes united as the Chromista. However, the case that the organisms themselves are closely related is not very strong, and they may have acquired plastids independently. Currently they are discussed to be members of the kingdom Chromalveolata and to form together with the Haptophyta the group Hacrobia.

One suggested grouping is as follows: (1) Cryptomonas, (2) Chroomonas/Komma and Hemiselmis, (3) Rhodomonas/Rhinomonas/Storeatula, (4) Guillardia/Hanusia, (5) Geminigera/Plagioselmis/Teleaulax, (6) Proteomonas sulcata, (7) Falcomonas daucoides.^[9]

Kathablepharids

The kathablepharids, a group of heterotrophic flagellates, have been considered as part of the Cryptophyta since katablepharids were described in 1939.

References

^ Reviers, B. de. (2006). Biologia e Filogenia das Algas. Editora Artmed, Porto Alegre, p.15.
^ Barnes, Richard Stephen Kent (2001). The Invertebrates: A Synthesis. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-632-04761-1.
^ Khan H, Archibald JM (May 2008). "Lateral transfer of introns in the cryptophyte plastid genome". Nucleic Acids Res. 36 (9): 3043–53. doi:10.1093/nar/gkn095. PMC 2396441. PMID 18397952.
^ "Cryptophyta - the cryptomonads". Retrieved 2009-06-02.
^ Graham, L. E.; Graham, J. M.; Wilcox, L. W. (2009). Algae (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings (Pearson). ISBN 9780321559654.
^ Morrall, S.; Greenwood, A. D. (1980). "A comparison of the periodic sub-structures of the trichocysts of the Cryptophyceae and Prasinophyceae". BioSystems 12: 71–83. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(80)90039-8.
^ Grim, J. N.; Staehelin, L. A. (1984). "The ejectisomes of the flagellate Chilomonas paramecium - Visualization by freeze-fracture and isolation techniques". Journal of Protozoology 31 (2): 259–267. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1984.tb02957.x.
^ Douglas, S.; et al. (2002). "The highly reduced genome of an enslaved algal nucleus". Nature 410 (6832): 1091–1096. doi:10.1038/35074092. PMID 11323671.
^ "Cryptomonads". Retrieved 2009-06-24.

External links

Tree of Life: Cryptomonads
Phylum Cryptophyta at AlgaeBase

English Journal

Seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton and its relationship with the environmental factors in Dongping Lake, China.

Tian C, Lu X, Pei H, Hu W, Xie J.SourceSchool of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 250061, Jinan, China.
Environmental monitoring and assessment.Environ Monit Assess.2013 Mar;185(3):2627-45. doi: 10.1007/s10661-012-2736-4. Epub 2012 Jul 13.
Dongping Lake is the final adjusting and storing lake in the east route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China, and there has been serious concern regarding the water quality. Understanding the process of phytoplankton variation can be particularly useful in water quality improvement
PMID 22791112

Improved methodology for identification of cryptomonads: combining light microscopy and PCR amplification.

Xia S, Cheng Y, Zhu H, Liu G, Hu Z.SourceKey Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China, Center for Water Environment and Human Health, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
Journal of microbiology and biotechnology.J Microbiol Biotechnol.2013 Mar;23(3):289-96.
Cryptomonads are unicellular, biflagellate algae. Generally, cryptomonad cells cannot be preserved well because of their fragile nature, and an improved methodology should be developed to identify cryptomonads from natural habitats. In this study, we tried using several cytological fixatives, includ
PMID 23462000

Ultrastructure and Molecular Phylogeny of the Cryptomonad Goniomonas avonlea sp. nov.

Kim E, Archibald JM.SourceCanadian Institute for Advanced Research, Integrated Microbial Biodiversity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada. Electronic address: ekim1@amnh.org.
Protist.Protist.2013 Mar;164(2):160-82. doi: 10.1016/j.protis.2012.10.002. Epub 2012 Nov 3.
We describe a new species of cryptomonad, Goniomonas avonlea sp. nov., using molecular phylogeny and comprehensive microscopic investigation. G. avonlea is a marine bacterivorous flagellate, measuring 8-11μm long and 6-7μm wide, with two subequal flagella that are directed anteriorly and posterior
PMID 23127606

Japanese Journal

ヌクレオモルフのreductive genome evolution

谷藤吾朗
原生動物学雑誌 44(2), 89-102, 2011-11
NAID 40019156929

Nucleomorph genome diversity and its phylogenetic implications in cryptomonad algae

Tanifuji Goro,Onodera Naoko T.,Hara Yoshiaki
Phycological research 58(3), 230-237, 2010-07-01
NAID 10027507208

クリプト藻類がコードする二次共生体由来アクチン遺伝子の多様性とその進化的意義

谷藤吾朗,恵良田眞由美,石田健一郎 [他],ONODERA Naoko,HARA Yoshiaki
Journal of plant research 119(3), 205-215, 2006-05-01
NAID 10019164698

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Cryptophyta」「Cryptomonas」「クリプト藻類」

「Cryptophyta」

Cryptomonads
	Rhodomonas salina
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Chromalveolata
(unranked):	Hacrobia
Phylum:	Cryptophyta
Class:	Cryptophyceae
Typical genera
	Order Cryptomonadales Campylomonas; Chilomonas; Chroomonas; Cryptomonas; Falcomonas; Geminigera; Guillardia; Hemiselmis; Plagioselmis; Proteomonas; Storeatula; Rhodomonas; Teleaulax; Order Goniomonadales; Goniomonas
Synonyms
	Cryptomonada Senn 1900; Cryptomonadea Stein 1878;

　　[★]

クリプト植物門

リプト植物門

関: Cryptomonads、Cryptomonas

「Cryptomonas」

　　[★]

クリプト藻類

リプト藻類

関: Cryptomonads、Cryptophyta

「クリプト藻類」

　　[★]

ラ: Cryptomonads、Cryptomonas
関: クリプト植物門

[1] Reviers, B. de. (2006). Biologia e Filogenia das Algas. Editora Artmed, Porto Alegre, p.15.

[2] Barnes, Richard Stephen Kent (2001). The Invertebrates: A Synthesis. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-632-04761-1.

[pmid18397952-3] Khan H, Archibald JM (May 2008). "Lateral transfer of introns in the cryptophyte plastid genome". Nucleic Acids Res. 36 (9): 3043–53. doi:10.1093/nar/gkn095. PMC 2396441. PMID 18397952.

[urlCryptophyta_-_the_cryptomonads-4] "Cryptophyta - the cryptomonads". Retrieved 2009-06-02.

[Graham-5] Graham, L. E.; Graham, J. M.; Wilcox, L. W. (2009). Algae (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings (Pearson). ISBN 9780321559654.

[MorrallGreenwood-6] Morrall, S.; Greenwood, A. D. (1980). "A comparison of the periodic sub-structures of the trichocysts of the Cryptophyceae and Prasinophyceae". BioSystems 12: 71–83. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(80)90039-8.

[GrimStaehelin-7] Grim, J. N.; Staehelin, L. A. (1984). "The ejectisomes of the flagellate Chilomonas paramecium - Visualization by freeze-fracture and isolation techniques". Journal of Protozoology 31 (2): 259–267. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1984.tb02957.x.

[Douglas2002-8] Douglas, S.; et al. (2002). "The highly reduced genome of an enslaved algal nucleus". Nature 410 (6832): 1091–1096. doi:10.1038/35074092. PMID 11323671.

[urlCryptomonads-9] "Cryptomonads". Retrieved 2009-06-24.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

Cryptomonads