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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/16 22:13:07」(JST)

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Immunostimulants, also known as immunostimulators, are substances (drugs and nutrients) that stimulate the immune system by inducing activation or increasing activity of any of its components. One notable example is the granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

Classification

There are two main categories of immunostimulants:^[1]

Specific immunostimulants provide antigenic specificity in immune response, such as vaccines or any antigen.
Non-specific immunostimulants act irrespective of antigenic specificity to augment immune response of other antigen or stimulate components of the immune system without antigenic specificity, such as adjuvants and non-specific immunostimulators.

Non-specific

Many endogenous substances are non-specific immunostimulators. For example, female sex hormones are known to stimulate both adaptive^[2] and innate immune responses.^[3] Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus strike women preferentially, and their onset often coincides with puberty. Other hormones appear to regulate the immune system as well, most notably prolactin, growth hormone and vitamin D.^[4]^[5]

Some publications point towards the effect of deoxycholic acid (DCA) as an immunostimulant^[6]^[7]^[8] of the non-specific immune system, activating its main actors, the macrophages. According to these publications, a sufficient amount of DCA in the human body corresponds to a good immune reaction of the non-specific immune system.

References

^ Kumar, S; Gupta P; Sharma S; Kumar D (2011). "A review on immunostimulatory plants". Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine 9 (2): 117–128. doi:10.3736/jcim20110201. PMID 21288444.
^ Wira, CR; Crane-Godreau M; Grant K (2004). "Endocrine regulation of the mucosal immune system in the female reproductive tract". In In: Ogra PL, Mestecky J, Lamm ME, Strober W, McGhee JR, Bienenstock J (eds.). Mucosal Immunology. San Francisco: Elsevier. ISBN 0-12-491543-4.
^ Lang, TJ (2004). "Estrogen as an immunomodulator". Clin Immunol 113 (3): 224–230. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2004.05.011. PMID 15507385.
Moriyama, A; Shimoya K; Ogata I; et al. (1999). "Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) concentrations in cervical mucus of women with normal menstrual cycle". Molecular Human Reproduction 5 (7): 656–661. doi:10.1093/molehr/5.7.656. PMID 10381821.
Cutolo, M; Sulli A; Capellino S; Villaggio B; Montagna P; Seriolo B; Straub RH (2004). "Sex hormones influence on the immune system: basic and clinical aspects in autoimmunity". Lupus 13 (9): 635–638. doi:10.1191/0961203304lu1094oa. PMID 15485092.
King, AE; Critchley HOD; Kelly RW (2000). "Presence of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor in human endometrium and first trimester decidua suggests an antibacterial role". Molecular Human Reproduction 6 (2): 191–196. doi:10.1093/molehr/6.2.191. PMID 10655462.
^ Dorshkind, K; Horseman ND (2000). "The Roles of Prolactin, Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I, and Thyroid Hormones in Lymphocyte Development and Function: Insights from Genetic Models of Hormones and Hormone Receptor Deficiency". Endocrine Reviews 21 (3): 292–312. doi:10.1210/er.21.3.292. PMID 10857555.
^ Nagpal, Sunil; Songqing Naand; Radhakrishnan Rathnachalam (2005). "Noncalcemic Actions of Vitamin D Receptor Ligands". Endocrine Reviews 26 (5): 662–687. doi:10.1210/er.2004-0002. PMID 15798098.
^ Vlcek, B; Reif, A; Seidlová, B (1971). "Evidence of the participation of deoxycholate in cancer immunity". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 26 (5): 419–24. PMID 4398280.
^ Vlček, B (1972). "Potentiation of the immune response with DCA". Prakt. Lekar (in Czech) 52: 326–330.
^ Chyle, M; Chyle, P (1982). "Regulation of the immune response with DCA". Sbornik lek. (in Czech) 84: 212–218. (English summary)

External links

Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology journal
Immunostimulants at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Deoxycholic acid as immunostimulant

English Journal

Effects of selenizing angelica polysaccharide and selenizing garlic polysaccharide on immune function of murine peritoneal macrophage.

Gao Z1, Liu K1, Tian W1, Wang H1, Liu Z1, Li Y1, Li E1, Liu C1, Li X1, Hou R1, Yue C1, Wang D1, Hu Y2.
International immunopharmacology.Int Immunopharmacol.2015 Jul;27(1):104-9. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.04.052. Epub 2015 May 8.
The effects of two selenizing polysaccharides (sCAP2 and sGPS6) on immune function of murine peritoneal macrophages taking two non-selenizing polysaccharides (CAP and GPS) and modifier Na2SeO3 as control. In vitro test, the changes of selenizing polysaccharides, non-selenizing polysaccharides and Na
PMID 25962819

A hyaluronic acid-based compound inhibits fibroblast senescence induced by oxidative stress in vitro and prevents oral mucositis in vivo.

Cirillo N1, Vicidomini A, McCullough M, Gambardella A, Hassona Y, Prime SS, Colella G.
Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2015 Jul;230(7):1421-9. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24908.
Virtually all patients receiving radio- and chemotherapy for cancer develop oral mucositis, a severe and highly debilitating condition. The onset of mucositis is thought to involve the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the submucosa. Here we investigated a possible protective effect of
PMID 25536474

Levamisole in steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome: usefulness in adult patients and laboratory insights into mechanisms of action via direct action on the kidney podocyte.

Jiang L1, Dasgupta I1, Hurcombe JA1, Colyer HF1, Mathieson PW1, Welsh GI1.
Clinical science (London, England : 1979).Clin Sci (Lond).2015 Jun;128(12):883-93. doi: 10.1042/CS20140749.
Minimal change nephropathy (MCN) is the third most common cause of primary nephrotic syndrome in adults. Most patients with MCN respond to corticosteroid therapy, but relapse is common. In children, steroid-dependent patients are often given alternative agents to spare the use of steroids and to avo
PMID 25626449

Japanese Journal

口腔癌に対する樹状細胞ワクチン療法 : 基礎から臨床へ

岡本正人
日本口腔腫瘍学会誌 23(4), 123-127, 2011-12-15
標準治療に抵抗性を示す難治性の悪性腫瘍に対し，専門的抗原提示細胞である樹状細胞（DC）を用いた癌ワクチン（DCワクチン）が注目されている。DCワクチンでは，第1に，品質の良いDCを大量に，安定的に作製するシステムが必要である。特に，適切な成熟DCの誘導法の確立は重要である。われわれは，レンサ球菌由来免疫賦活剤OK-432の活性成分が，Toll-like receptorsを介してDCを成熟させ，抗 …
NAID 10030796050

Immunopotentiator from Pantoea agglomerans 1 (IP-PA1)は経口投与によりメラノーマ担癌マウスの生存を改善する

蛇島武久,松本安喜,渡辺元 [他],SOMA Gen-ichiro,KOHCHI Chie,TAYA Kazuyoshi,HAYASHI Yoshihiro,HIROTA Yoshikazu
Experimental animals 60(2), 101-109, 2011-04-01
… To investigate the usefulness of the immunopotentiator from Pantoea agglomerans 1 (IP-PA1) as a supportive drug in melanoma therapy, we analyzed the immunological effects of IP-PA1 on melanoma-inoculated model mice. …
NAID 10029550117

たいまつ米胚芽発酵GABAによるヒト単球系細胞株(U937)表面上のCD93の発現およびインターロイキンー 8(IL-8)の産生増強

池脇信直,石附亨,中村雅彦 [他],林裕二,樋口元剛,後藤牧人
九州保健福祉大学研究紀要 11, 159-167, 2010-03
たいまつ米胚芽発酵GABAによる単球系細胞株(U937)表面上のCD93抗原の発現をモノクローナル抗体を用いた酵素抗体法およびフローサイトメトリー法で解析した。その結果、たいまつ米胚芽発酵GABAで培養したU937細胞はCD93(C1qRp)の発現が有意に増強した。また、CD93の発現増強はprotein kinase C(PKC)阻害剤であるGo6976で抑制された。さらに、たいまつ米胚芽発酵G …
NAID 110007577976