WordNet

(mechanics) the equal and opposite force that is produced when any force is applied to a body; "every action has an equal and opposite reaction"
a response that reveals a persons feelings or attitude; "he was pleased by the audiences reaction to his performance"; "John feared his mothers reaction when she saw the broken lamp"
a bodily process occurring due to the effect of some antecedent stimulus or agent; "a bad reaction to the medicine"; "his responses have slowed with age" (同)response
doing something in opposition to another way of doing it that you dont like; "his style of painting was a reaction against cubism"
an idea evoked by some experience; "his reaction to the news was to start planning what to do"
extreme conservatism in political or social matters; "the forces of reaction carried the election"
smear with blood, as in a hunting initiation rite, where the face of a person is smeared with the blood of the kill
temperament or disposition; "a person of hot blood"
people viewed as members of a group; "we need more young blood in this organization"
the fluid (red in vertebrates) that is pumped through the body by the heart and contains plasma, blood cells, and platelets; "blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and carries away waste products"; "the ancients believed that blood was the sea
hide from view; "The lids were occulting her eyes"
supernatural practices and techniques; "he is a student of the occult" (同)occult arts
become concealed or hidden from view or have its light extinguished; "The beam of light occults every so often"
hidden and difficult to see; "an occult fracture"; "occult blood in the stool"
of or relating to immunology (同)immunologic

PrepTutorEJDIC

{名}(…に対する)『反応』《+『to』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(…に対する)(政治的・社会的な)『反動』,逆コース《+『against』+『名』》 / 〈U〉〈C〉化学反応,化学変化 / 〈U〉〈C〉(物理学で)反作用
『血』,『血』液 / 流血(bloodshed);殺人 / 気質,気性,血気,血潮 / 『血統』,血縁(kinship);生まれ,家柄;《the~》王家の血統 / (人種・出身国の)系 / 〈人〉‘に'初めての経験をさせる / 〈猟犬〉‘に'初めて獲物を血を味わわせる
秘法の / 人間の理解を越えた,神秘の / 超自然の世界
純血の,純種の / 《複合語を作って》「…の血(性質)を持った」の意を表す

UpToDate Contents

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1. 大腸癌のスクリーニングのための検査：便検査、放射線検査および内視鏡検査 tests for screening for colorectal cancer stool tests radiologic imaging and endoscopy
2. 潜在性消化管出血の評価 evaluation of occult gastrointestinal bleeding
3. 急性輸血反応が疑われる患者に対するアプローチ approach to the patient with a suspected acute transfusion reaction
4. 幼児および小児における赤血球輸血：実践および合併症 red blood cell transfusion in infants and children administration and complications
5. 新生児における赤血球輸血 red blood cell transfusions in the newborn

English Journal

[Chemical or immunological tests for the detection of fecal occult blood in colorectal cancer screening?].

Quintero E.Author information Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, España.AbstractColorectal cancer (CRC) can be prevented by screening programs in the population at average risk (men and women aged between 50 and 74 years) and at high risk (first degree relatives, CRC hereditary syndromes and chronic inflammatory bowel disease). Early CRC (with submucosal invasion) and advanced adenomas (size > or =10mm, with severe dysplasia or >20% villous component) produce intermittent microscopic blood losses that can be detected through chemical and immunological testing for fecal occult blood (C-FOBT and I-FOBT). Among the screening strategies in the population at average risk, annual or biannual fecal occult blood testing is the most widely used due to its non-invasiveness and low cost. Four randomized clinical trials have shown that annual or biannual screening with guaiac-based tests (C-FOBT) reduces overall mortality due to CRC by 16% and CRC incidence by 20% and 17% respectively. However, these tests have major drawbacks, especially their low sensitivity in detecting early CRC and advanced adenoma, their lack of specificity in detecting human hemoglobin (Hb), and their high fecal Hb detection threshold (>300microgHb/gfeces). In the last few years, major developments have occurred in immunological tests (I-FOBT), based on an antigen-antibody reaction that specifically detects human Hb, and these tests are currently available as an alternative to C-FOBT. Their main advantages are as follows: firstly, I-FOBT specifically detect human Hb in stools and at much lower levels (40-300microgHb/gfeces) than C-FOBT; secondly, automated analysis avoids subjectivity in reading qualitative tests and allows large population groups to be studied in a short time, making I-FOBT ideal for population-based screening; thirdly, I-FOBT fairly accurately selects individuals for colonoscopy so that approximately half of patients with an I-FOBT test show clinically significant colorectal neoplasia (advanced adenoma or invasive CRC); fourthly, the cut-off point for fecal Hb detection can be modified, depending on the availability of endoscopic resources; fifthly, when cut-off points for fecal Hb of 50-150microgHb/gfeces are used, more than twice the number of CRC and advanced adenomas are detected than with C-FOBT, with a reasonable false-positive rate; and sixthly, I-FOBT are better accepted by the population due to their simplicity and ease of use, increasing participation in screening programs. For all these reasons, the current recommendation is that the new quantitative I-FOBT tests replace C-FOBT tests when the strategy of population-based screening through annual or biannual fecal occult blood testing is considered.
Gastroenterología y hepatología.Gastroenterol Hepatol.2009 Oct;32(8):565-76. doi: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2009.01.179. Epub 2009 Jul 3.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) can be prevented by screening programs in the population at average risk (men and women aged between 50 and 74 years) and at high risk (first degree relatives, CRC hereditary syndromes and chronic inflammatory bowel disease). Early CRC (with submucosal invasion) and advanced
PMID 19577340

[Findings obtained by the analyses of unexpected abnormal laboratory data].

Yoshida H.Author information Kita-Fukushima Medical Center, Date.AbstractAs the final lecture of Clinical Laboratory Medicine in Fukushima Medical University, I showed some of our findings obtained by the analyses of unexpected laboratory data. Most of these unexpected or unusual data were first noticed by laboratory staffs in charge. Items mentioned were; 1) false negative reaction of immunological fecal occult blood test, induced by the contact of hemoglobin with toilet sanitizers or detergents, 2) highly elevated serum K level, induced by the cold storage of whole blood, 3) false positive reactions in ELISA, induced by the aggregated IgG developed by the heat-pretreatment of sera, 4) panic values developed by the regurgitation of EDTA blood, 5) markedly low values due to the non-mixing of frozen thawed serum sample, 6) precision of the bleeding time in earlobes, and 7) differences in capillary blood glucose levels among forearm, palm and fingers. In the analyses of 6) and 7), the methodology of quality assurance could be introduced, although we realized the difficulty in examining in our physical body. Every issue examined is practically important, and laboratory staffs including physicians should pay more attention on the unexpected laboratory data and know why and how the data are produced.
Rinsho byori. The Japanese journal of clinical pathology.Rinsho Byori.2007 Jan;55(1):45-9.
As the final lecture of Clinical Laboratory Medicine in Fukushima Medical University, I showed some of our findings obtained by the analyses of unexpected laboratory data. Most of these unexpected or unusual data were first noticed by laboratory staffs in charge. Items mentioned were; 1) false negat
PMID 17319490

Fecal occult blood testing: clinical value and limitations.

Simon JB.Author information Division of Gastroenterology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.AbstractOccult blood in the stool can be detected by chemical (guaiac), heme-porphyrin, or immunological methods. Each has advantages and disadvantages, with the guaiac slide test Hemoccult II (SmithKline Diagnostics) remaining the most widely used. Various technical factors affect its clinical performance, most notably whether the slides are rehydrated before processing; hydration increases test sensitivity for colorectal cancer but markedly decreases specificity, resulting in a large number of false-positive reactions that require invasive and expensive colonic workup. Newer immunological tests generally have high sensitivity, but poor specificity remains an important problem. In clinical screening situations, unhydrated Hemoccult has about 50% sensitivity for colorectal cancers and about 98% specificity. Only 5% to 10% of positive reactions prove due to cancer, however, so the large majority of reactive tests are false positives; this is an important weakness of occult blood screening. Slide hydration detects more tumors, but the predictive value of a positive test for cancer drops to only about 2%, which greatly diminishes the appeal of hydration. Sensitivity of occult blood tests for benign colonic polyps is poor, and most polyps found during workup of a positive reaction are actually detected by chance because of high prevalence in the general population. Controlled clinical trials have now documented that periodic occult blood screening produces a relatively small but significant mortality benefit from colorectal cancer--about 15% to 18% for biennial testing with unhydrated Hemoccult. Aggressive annual screening with hydrated Hemoccult may lower mortality by more than 30% but at a very high cost because of poor specificity and very low predictive value. Regular occult blood testing beginning at age 50 has been endorsed by many professional organizations because of the documented mortality benefit, but poor compliance, high costs, and ethical uncertainties seriously temper its justification. Whether to implement widespread occult blood screening remains a difficult societal decision.
The Gastroenterologist.Gastroenterologist.1998 Mar;6(1):66-78.
Occult blood in the stool can be detected by chemical (guaiac), heme-porphyrin, or immunological methods. Each has advantages and disadvantages, with the guaiac slide test Hemoccult II (SmithKline Diagnostics) remaining the most widely used. Various technical factors affect its clinical performance,
PMID 9531118

Japanese Journal

Mass Survey for Colorectal Cancer in Rural Areas.

真田勝弘,村島義男,山田暢夫,藤好建史,中馬康男
日本農村医学会雑誌 41(1), 29-34, 1992
… In order to know the present state of mass survey for large-bowel cancer in rural areas, we gathered the results of colorectal screening in 1989 from 45 hospitals or cancer detection center related to agricultural cooperatives of all over Japan.<BR>In all of the 45 institutions, method of screening was fecal occult blood test, and in most of them, the stool study was immunological, of one day, and without meal restriction. …
NAID 130004384341

Mass screening for colorectal cancer by a new economical RPHA method employed for detection of fecal occult blood from mixed extract of 3-day specimens.:RPHA Method Employed for Detection of Fecal Occult Blood from Mixed Extract of 3-Day Specimens

熊西康信,藤田昌英,奥山也寸志,塚本文音,渡邉太郎,藤田泰彦,永田貴子,尾崎尚志,田中利茂,杉本卓司,石井泰介,稲葉秀,梁昌煕,杉山龍平,太田潤,田口鐵男,中野陽典
日本大腸肛門病学会雑誌 42(6), 1051-1057, 1989
… Since 1978, in cooperation with Osaka Cancer Research Foundation, we have conducted mass screening programs for colorectal cancer by fecal occult blood test. … Recently immunological method, being very specific in detecting human hemoglobin, employing reversed passived hemagglutination reaction (RPHA) has been developed. …
NAID 130000783177

A new immunological fecal occult blood test for screening of colorectal cancer.

多田正大,尾川美弥子,清水誠治,渡辺能行,川本一祚,川井啓市
日本大腸肛門病学会雑誌 40(6), 747-754, 1987
… We used Imunocult, a new immunological fecal occult blood test based on latex agglutination reaction. … (1) Reactivity of the fecal specimen remains stable for 4-5 days after acquisition ; … (2) Proper amount of facal specimen should be applied on the stick, because excessive amount of stool tends to result in positive reaction. …
NAID 130000782929