immunoglobulin light chain

• 免疫グロブリン軽鎖

WordNet

1. very thin and insubstantial; "thin paper"; "light summer dresses"
2. make lighter or brighter; "This lamp lightens the room a bit" (同)illume, illumine, light_up, illuminate
3. a condition of spiritual awareness; divine illumination; "follow Gods light" (同)illumination
4. having abundant light or illumination; "they played as long as it was light"; "as long as the lighting was good" (同)lighting
5. (physics) electromagnetic radiation that can produce a visual sensation; "the light was filtered through a soft glass window" (同)visible_light, visible_radiation
6. any device serving as a source of illumination; "he stopped the car and turned off the lights" (同)light_source
7. the visual effect of illumination on objects or scenes as created in pictures; "he could paint the lightest light and the darkest dark" (同)lightness
8. a particular perspective or aspect of a situation; "although he saw it in a different light, he still did not understand"
9. a person regarded very fondly; "the light of my life"
10. a visual warning signal; "they saw the light of the beacon"; "there was a light at every corner"
11. an illuminated area; "he stepped into the light"
12. mental understanding as an enlightening experience; "he finally saw the light"; "can you shed light on this problem?"
13. public awareness; "it brought the scandal to light"
14. (used of color) having a relatively small amount of coloring agent; "light blue"; "light colors such as pastels"; "a light-colored powder" (同)light-colored
15. moving easily and quickly; nimble; "the dancer was light and graceful"; "a lightsome buoyant step"; "walked with a light tripping step" (同)lightsome, tripping
16. having relatively few calories; "diet cola"; "light (or lite) beer"; "lite (or light) mayonnaise"; "a low-cal diet" (同)lite, low-cal, calorie-free
17. less than the correct or legal or full amount often deliberately so; "a light pound"; "a scant cup of sugar"; "regularly gives short weight" (同)scant, short
18. (of sleep) easily disturbed; "in a light doze"; "a light sleeper"; "a restless wakeful night" (同)wakeful
19. (physics, chemistry) not having atomic weight greater than average; "light water is ordinary water"
20. (used of soil) loose and large-grained in consistency; "light soil"
21. characterized by or emitting light; "a room that is light when the shutters are open"; "the inside of the house was airy and light"
22. demanding little effort; not burdensome; "light housework"; "light exercise"
23. designed for ease of movement or to carry little weight; "light aircraft"; "a light truck"
24. easily assimilated in the alimentary canal; not rich or heavily seasoned; "a light diet"
25. having little importance; "losing his job was no light matter"
26. intended primarily as entertainment; not serious or profound; "light verse"; "a light comedy"
27. not great in degree or quantity or number; "a light sentence"; "a light accent"; "casualties were light"; "light snow was falling"; "light misty rain"; "light smoke from the chimney"
28. of comparatively little physical weight or density; "a light load"; "magnesium is a light metal--having a specific gravity of 1.74 at 20 degrees C"
29. of little intensity or power or force; "the light touch of her fingers"; "a light breeze"
30. of the military or industry; using (or being) relatively small or light arms or equipment; "light infantry"; "light cavalry"; "light industry"; "light weapons"
31. psychologically light; especially free from sadness or troubles; "a light heart"
32. fasten or secure with chains; "Chain the chairs together"
33. a unit of length
34. a necklace made by a stringing objects together; "a string of beads"; "a strand of pearls"; (同)string, strand
35. a linked or connected series of objects; "a chain of daisies"
36. a series of (usually metal) rings or links fitted into one another to make a flexible ligament
37. anything that acts as a restraint
38. (chemistry) a series of linked atoms (generally in an organic molecule) (同)chemical chain
39. a series of things depending on each other as if linked together; "the chain of command"; "a complicated concatenation of circumstances" (同)concatenation
40. (business) a number of similar establishments (stores or restaurants or banks or hotels or theaters) under one ownership
41. connect or arrange into a chain by linking
42. apparatus for supplying artificial light effects for the stage or a film
43. the craft of providing artificial light; "an interior decorator must understand lighting"
44. a class of proteins produced in lymph tissue in vertebrates and that function as antibodies in the immune response (同)Ig, immune serum globulin, immune gamma globulin, immune_globulin
45. British biochemist (born in Germany) who isolated and purified penicillin, which had been discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming (1906-1979) (同)Ernst Boris Chain, Sir Ernst Boris Chain

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈U〉『光,光線』;明るさ / 〈U〉夜明け;日中;日光 / 〈C〉『明かり』(太陽・灯火など光を出すもの) / 〈U〉《時にa~》光輝(brightness),(目などの)輝き / 〈C〉(点火するための)火,火花 / 〈C〉明かり採り,採光窓 / 〈C〉《通例単数形で》(絵などの)明るい部分 / 〈U〉(…についての)知識,情報,理解《+『on』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(ものを見る)観点,見地;相 / 〈C〉この世に光を与える人;指導的な人物 / …‘に'『火をつける』《+『up』+『名』+『名』+『up』》 / …‘に'『明かりをつける』,‘を'照らす《+『up』+『名,』+『名』+『up』》 / 〈人〉‘を'明かりをつけて案内する / 〈表情など〉‘を'明るくする《+『up』+『名,』+『名』+『up』》 / 〈物が〉火がつく,点火する;明かりがつく《+『up』》 / 明るくなる,晴れ晴れする《+『up』》 / 『明るい』 / (色が)『薄い』
2. (重量が)『軽い』 / (いろいろな事について,その程座・量が)軽い,小さい / 『軽快な』 / 軽装の / 肩のこらない;気軽な / 手軽な,骨の折れなし / (食べ物が)消化のよい,もたれない / ふらふらする,目まいのする / アルコール分の少ない / (パンなどが)ふんわりした / (重量が)軽く / (程度が)軽く,容易に;軽装で
3. (車・馬などから)降りる《+『from』+『名』》(alight) / (木などに)〈鳥などが〉止まる《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》 / (…に)〈打撃・運などが〉突然ふりかかる《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》
4. 『鎖』;(装飾用の)鎖 / 《複数形で》『束縛』,拘束;囚人をつなぐ鎖 / (物事の)『連続』,つながり《+『of』+『名』》 / (商店・銀行・ホテルなどの)チェーン(一連の店が同一資本のもとで連携して経営される方式;その店) / チェーン(測量で用いられる単位;約21.7m) / …'を'『鎖でつなぐ』《+『up』(『together』)+『名,』+『名』+『up』(『together』)》
5. 照明,点火 / 照明方法(装置)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/03 22:47:29」(JST)

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Schematic diagram of a typical antibody showing two Ig heavy chains (blue) linked by disulfide bonds to two Ig light chains (green). The constant (C) and variable (V) domains are shown.

An antibody molecule. The two heavy chains are colored red and blue and the two light chains green and yellow. See also:[1]

The immunoglobulin light chain is the small polypeptide subunit of an antibody (immunoglobulin).

A typical antibody is composed of two immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chains and two Ig light chains.

In humans

There are two types of light chain in humans (as in other mammals),

• kappa (κ) chain, encoded by the immunoglobulin kappa locus (IGK@) on chromosome 2
• lambda (λ) chain, encoded by the immunoglobulin lambda locus (IGL@) on chromosome 22

Antibodies are produced by B lymphocytes, each expressing only one class of light chain. Once set, light chain class remains fixed for the life of the B lymphocyte. In a healthy individual, the total kappa to lambda ratio is roughly 3:1 in serum (measuring intact whole antibodies) or 1:1.5 if measuring free light chains, with a highly divergent ratio indicative of neoplasm.

The exact normal ratio of kappa to lambda, according to a novel polyclonal free light chain assay, ranges from 0.26 to 1.65. Both the kappa and the lambda chains can increase proportionately, maintaining a normal ratio. This is usually indicative of something other than a blood cell dyscrasia, such as kidney disease.

In other animals

The immunoglobulin light chain genes in tetrapods can be classified into three distinct groups: kappa (κ), lambda (λ), and sigma (σ). The divergence of the κ, λ, and σ isotypes preceded the radiation of tetrapods. The σ isotype was lost after the evolution of the amphibian lineage and before the emergence of the reptilian lineage.

Other types of light chains can be found in lower vertebrates, such as the Ig-Light-Iota chain of Chondrichthyes and Teleostei.

Camelids are unique among mammals as they also have fully functional antibodies which have two heavy chains, but lack the light chains usually paired with each heavy chain. The functional role of this separate repertoire is unknown as yet.

Sharks also possess as part of its adaptive immune system, a functional heavy-chain only homodimeric antibody-like molecule referred to as IgNAR (immunoglobulin new antigen receptor). IgNAR is believed to have never had an associated with a light chain, contrary to the understanding that the heavy-chain-only antibodies in camelids may have lost its light chain partner through evolution.

Structure

Only one type of light chain is present in a typical antibody, thus the two light chains of an individual antibody are identical.

Each light chain is composed of two tandem immunoglobulin domains:

• one constant (C_L) domain
• one variable domain (V_L) that is important for binding antigen

The approximate length of a light chain protein is from 211 to 217 amino acids.

In pathology

Individual B-cells in lymphoid tissue possess either kappa or lambda light chains, but never both together. Using immunohistochemistry, it is possible to determine the relative abundance of B-cells expressing kappa and lambda light chains. If the lymph node or similar tissue is reactive, or otherwise benign, it should possess a mixture of kappa positive and lambda positive cells. If, however, one type of light chain is significantly more common than the other, the cells are likely all derived from a small clonal population, which may indicate a malignant condition, such as B-cell lymphoma.

Ig light chains produced in neoplastic plasma cells, such as in multiple myeloma, are called Bence Jones proteins.

Increased levels of free Ig light chains have also been detected in various inflammatory diseases. It is important to note that, in contrast to increased levels in lymphoma patients, these Ig light chains are polyclonal. Recent studies have shown that these Ig light chains can bind to mast cells and, using their ability to bind antigen, facilitate activation of these mast cells (Redegeld (2002)). Activation of mast cells results in the release of various pro-inflammatory mediators which are believed to contribute to the development of the inflammatory disease. Recent studies have shown that Ig light chains not only activate mast cells but also dorsal root ganglia (Rijnierse, 2009)) and neutrophils (Braber and Thio (2012)), expanding their possible role as mediators in inflammatory disease.

See also

• Monoclonal antibodies

References

External links

• Immunoglobulin Light Chains at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
• Educational Resource for Immunoglobulin Light Chains

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 免疫グロブリン軽鎖（AL）アミロイドーシス（原発性アミロイドーシス）の臨床像、検査所見、および診断 clinical presentation laboratory manifestations and diagnosis of immunoglobulin light chain al amyloidosis primary amyloidosis
• 2. 免疫グロブリン軽鎖（AL）アミロイドーシスおよび軽鎖重鎖沈着症の病因 pathogenesis of immunoglobulin light chain al amyloidosis and light and heavy chain deposition diseases
• 3. 意義未確定の単クローン性免疫グロブリン血症（MGUS）の診断 diagnosis of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
• 4. 免疫グロブリン軽鎖（AL）アミロイドーシスおよび軽鎖重鎖沈着症の予後および治療 prognosis and treatment of immunoglobulin light chain al amyloidosis and light and heavy chain deposition diseases
• 5. 骨髄腫円柱腎症（骨髄腫腎）の病因および診断 pathogenesis and diagnosis of myeloma cast nephropathy myeloma kidney

English Journal

• Negative effects of a disulfide bond mismatch in anti-rabies G protein single-chain antibody variable fragment FV57.

• Duan Y1, Gu T2, Zhang X2, Jiang C2, Yuan R1, Li Z1, Wang D1, Chen X1, Wu C3, Chen Y2, Wu Y4, Kong W5.Author information 1National Engineering Laboratory for HIV Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.2National Engineering Laboratory for HIV Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.3School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Camerino, 62032, Italy.4National Engineering Laboratory for HIV Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China. Electronic address: ygwu@jlu.edu.cn.5National Engineering Laboratory for HIV Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China. Electronic address: weikong@jlu.edu.cn.AbstractRabies virus (RV) causes a fatal infectious disease requiring efficient post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which includes a rabies vaccine and rabies immunoglobulin (RIG). The single-chain antibody variable fragment (scFv), a small engineered antibody fragment derived from an antibody variable heavy chain and light chain, has the potential to replace the current application of RIG. In previous studies, we constructed and evaluated an anti-rabies virus G protein scFv (FV57) based on the monoclonal antibody CR57. Of the five cysteines in FV57, four are linked in intra-chain disulfide bonds (Cys-VH28/Cys-VH98 and Cys-VL16/Cys-VL84), and one is free (Cys-VL85). However, the thiol in Cys-VL85 neighboring Cys-VL84 in the CDR3 of the light chain is likely to mismatch with the thiol in Cys-VL16 during the renaturing process. In order to study effects of the mismatched disulfide bond, Cys-VL85 and Cys-VL84 of FV57 were mutated to serine to construct mutants FV57(VL85S) and FV57(VL84S). Furthermore, the disulfide bonds in the light chain of FV57, FV57(VL85S) and FV57(VL84S) were deleted by mutating Cys-VL16 to serine. All mutants were prepared and evaluated along with the original FV57. The results indicated that the mismatched disulfide bond of FV57 linking the light chain FR1 and CDR3 would confer deleterious negative effects on its activity against RV, likely due to spatial hindrance in the light chain CDR3. Moreover, avoidance of the disulfide bond mismatch provided an additional 30% protective efficacy against RV infection in the mouse RV challenge model. Thus, modifications of FV57 to eliminate the disulfide bond mismatch may provide a candidate therapeutic agent for effective PEP against rabies.
• Molecular immunology.Mol Immunol.2014 Jun;59(2):136-41. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.01.006. Epub 2014 Mar 2.
• Rabies virus (RV) causes a fatal infectious disease requiring efficient post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which includes a rabies vaccine and rabies immunoglobulin (RIG). The single-chain antibody variable fragment (scFv), a small engineered antibody fragment derived from an antibody variable heavy c
• PMID 24598312

• Analysis of patients with γ-heavy chain disease by the heavy/light chain and free light chain assays.

• Kaleta E, Kyle R, Clark R, Katzmann J.AbstractAbstract Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the heavy/light chain and free light chain immunoassays in patients with heavy chain disease, and to assess the ability of the heavy/light chain assay to measure and confirm the abnormal, truncated heavy chain. Methods: Frozen serum samples from 15 γ-heavy chain disease patients were tested for IgGκ, IgGλ, total IgG, free light chains, and M-spike concentrations. Results: The (Gκ+Gλ)/IgGtotal ratio for these 15 patients ranged from 0.02 to 0.80. The 10 patients with IgG concentrations above 1 g/dL all had ratios below 0.3 indicating that a substantial portion of IgG was not quantitated by the Gκ and Gλ reagents. The average M-spike was 1.61 g/dL and the average calculated abnormal γ-chain concentration was 2.94 g/dL. Additionally, free light chain analysis revealed the presence of monoclonal free κ light chain in three of the 15 patients. Conclusions: This study demonstrates utility of a nephelometric assay to identify truncated immunoglobulin heavy chains in γ-HCD and that 20% of these patients also have monoclonal free light chain.
• Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine : CCLM / FESCC.Clin Chem Lab Med.2014 May 1;52(5):665-9. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2013-0714.
• Abstract Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the heavy/light chain and free light chain immunoassays in patients with heavy chain disease, and to assess the ability of the heavy/light chain assay to measure and confirm the abnormal, truncated heavy chain. Metho
• PMID 24327529

• Fundamental characteristics of the expressed immunoglobulin VH and VL repertoire in different canine breeds in comparison with those of humans and mice.

• Steiniger SC1, Dunkle WE2, Bammert GF2, Wilson TL2, Krishnan A3, Dunham SA2, Ippolito GC4, Bainbridge G2.Author information 1Zoetis VMRD Global Therapeutics Research, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, USA. Electronic address: sebastian.steiniger@zoetis.com.2Zoetis VMRD Global Therapeutics Research, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, USA.3Zoetis VMRD Global Therapeutics Research, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.4Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.AbstractComplementarity determining regions (CDR) are responsible for binding antigen and provide substantial diversity to the antibody repertoire, with VH CDR3 of the immunoglobulin variable heavy (VH) domain playing a dominant role. In this study, we examined 1200 unique canine VH and 500 unique variable light (VL) sequences of large and small canine breeds derived from peripheral B cells. Unlike the human and murine repertoire, the canine repertoire is heavily dominated by the Canis lupus familiaris IGHV1 subgroup, evolutionarily closest to the human IGHV3 subgroup. Our studies clearly show that the productive canine repertoire of all analyzed breeds shows similarities to both human and mouse; however, there are distinct differences in terms of VH CDR3 length and amino acid paratope composition. In comparison with the human and murine antibody repertoire, canine VH CDR3 regions are shorter in length than the human counterparts, but longer than the murine VH CDR3. Similar to corresponding human and mouse VH CDR3, the amino acids at the base of the VH CDR3 loop are strictly conserved. For identical CDR positions, there were significant changes in chemical paratope composition. Similar to human and mouse repertoires, the neutral amino acids tyrosine, glycine and serine dominate the canine VH CDR3 interval (comprising 35%) although the interval is nonetheless relatively depleted of tyrosine when compared to human and mouse. Furthermore, canine VH CDR3 displays an overrepresentation of the neutral amino acid threonine and the negatively charged aspartic acid while proline content is similar to that in the human repertoire. In general, the canine repertoire shows a bias towards small, negatively charged amino acids. Overall, this analysis suggests that functional canine therapeutic antibodies can be obtained from human and mouse sequences by methods of speciation and affinity maturation.
• Molecular immunology.Mol Immunol.2014 May;59(1):71-8. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.01.010. Epub 2014 Feb 4.
• Complementarity determining regions (CDR) are responsible for binding antigen and provide substantial diversity to the antibody repertoire, with VH CDR3 of the immunoglobulin variable heavy (VH) domain playing a dominant role. In this study, we examined 1200 unique canine VH and 500 unique variable
• PMID 24509215

Japanese Journal

• FLCは骨髄系腫瘍の予後を予測する

• 渡部 玲子
• 血液内科 66(2), 226-231, 2013-02
• NAID 40019614195

• Successful Surgical Treatment for Pulmonary Crystal-Storing Histiocytosis Following the Onset of Gastric Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

• Kawano Noriaki,Beppu Kiichiro,Oyama Mayumi,Himeji Daisuke,Yoshida Shuro,Kuriyama Takuro,Ono Nobuyuki,Masuyama Hiroyuki,Yamashita Kiyoshi,Yamaguchi Kenichiro,Shimao Yoshiya,Oshima Koichi,Ueda Yuji,Ueda Akira
• Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hematopathology 53(3), 241-245, 2013
• … and λ<SUP>-</SUP>, and some plasma cells with CD138<SUP>+</SUP>, and rearrangement of the immunoglobulin heavy chain. … Based on the nonrecurrent gastric NHL, small B-cell population, and failure to detect the same clone by polymerase chain reaction analysis, our case was classified as pulmonary localized crystal-storing histiocytosis without underlying lymphoproliferative or plasma cell disorder. …
• NAID 130003384000

• Suppressive Effects of Oral Administration of Heat-Killed Lactobacillus acidophilus on T Helper-17 Immune Responses in a Bovine β-Lactoglobulin-Sensitized Mice Model

• Li Ai-li,Meng Xiang-chen,Duan Cui-cui,Huo Gui-cheng,Zheng Quan-ling,Li Dan
• Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 36(2), 202-207, 2013
• … After the allergen challenge, the numbers of blood eosinophils and neutrophils were examined by light microscope; … the levels of cytokine (interleukin (IL)-12, IL-4, tumor growth factor (TGF)-β, IL-10, IL-6 and IL-17A), total immunoglobulin E (IgE) and β-lg-specific IgE contents in the serum were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); …
• NAID 130002480760

Related Links

• Immunoglobulin light chain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The immunoglobulin light chain genes in tetrapods can be classified into three distinct groups: kappa (κ), lambda (λ), and sigma (σ). The divergence of the κ, λ, and σ isotypes preceded the radiation of tetrapods. The σ isotype was lost after the ...

• Serum-free light-chain measurement - Wikipedia, the free ...

Measurement of immunoglobulin-free light chains in serum has recently become possible. These tests are used as an aid in the diagnosis and monitoring of multiple myeloma and related disorders. There are two types of immunoglobulin light ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「免疫グロブリン軽鎖」
拡張検索	「surrogate immunoglobulin light chain」
関連記事	「light」「chain」「lighting」

「免疫グロブリン軽鎖」

　　[★]

英

immunoglobulin light chain

「surrogate immunoglobulin light chain」

　　[★]

• 免疫グロブリン代替軽鎖

「light」

　　[★]

• n.

• 光、光線、見地、

• adj.

• (比較級lighter)軽い、明るい

関

bright、photic、photoradiation、point of view、ray、viewpoint、visible light、visible radiation

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「chain」

　　[★]

• n.

• 鎖、チェーン

• adj.

• 鎖状の、鎖式の

関

open-chain、strand

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「lighting」

　　[★]

• n.

• 照明

関

illumination