Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/12/28 04:18:36」(JST)

wiki en

Immunogenetics or immungenetics is the branch of medical genetics that explores the relationship between the immune system and genetics.

Autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, are complex genetic traits which result from defects in the immune system. Identification of genes defining the immune defects may identify new target genes for therapeutic approaches. Alternatively, genetic variations can also help to define the immunological pathway leading to disease.

Origin

Its origin is usually attributed to Edward Jenner, who discovered in 1796 that cowpox, or vaccinia, induced protection against human smallpox. It took two centuries before the World Health Organization announced in 1979 that smallpox had been eradicated.

The term immunogenetics is based on the two words immunology and genetics, and is defined as "a sub-category of genetics focussing on the genetic basis of the immune reaction" according to MeSH. Genetics (based on Greek γενεά geneá "descent" and γένεσις génesis "origin") is the science researching the transfer of characteristics from one generation to the next. The genes of an organism (strands of DNA) and the transfer of genes from the parent to the child generation of an organism in the scope of possible variations are the basis of genetics.

Immunology deals with the biological and biochemical basis for the body's defense against germs (such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi), as well as against foreign agents such as biological toxins and environmental pollutants, and failures and malfunctions of these defence mechanisms. Apart from these external effects on the organism, there are also defence reactions regarding the body's own cells, e.g. in the scope of the bodily reactions on cancer and the lacking reaction of a body on healthy cells in the scope of an immune-mediated disease. Hence, immunology is a sub-category of biology.

The term immunogenetics comprises all processes of an organism, which are, on the one hand, controlled and influenced by the genes of the organism, and are, on the other hand, significant with regard to the immunological defence reactions of the organism.

History

The medical history of immunology and the immune system dates back to the 19th century. However, the prevention and early defence of diseases was an essential task for all shamans, medicine men and early "doctors" during the entire human evolution. The first Nobel Prize in the field of immunogenetics was awarded to Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset and George Davis Snell in 1980 for discovering genetically determined cellular surface structures, which control immunological reactions.

Current research fields

In the last 20 years,^[when?] research activities focussed on a large number of different questions in immunogenetics. Both the acceleration of and the decreasing costs for the sequencing of the genes have resulted in a more intensive research of both academic and commercial working groups. Current research topics particularly deal with forecasts on the course of diseases and therapy recommendations due to genetic dispositions and how these dispositions can be affected by agents (gene therapy).

A special focus is often laid on the forecast regarding and therapy of genetically based autoimmune diseases, which include all diseases caused by an extreme reaction of the immune system against the body's own tissue. By mistake, the immune system recognises the body's own tissue as a foreign object which is to be fought. This can result in serious inflammatory reactions which may permanently damage the respective organs. Autoimmune diseases, the outbreak and/or course of which can be visible in the individual genome of the organism, include multiple sclerosis, diabetes type I, rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease (an example for an immune-mediated disease without genetic disposition is HIV, which is caused by virus). As for multiple sclerosis, an article in the journal Nature dated May 2010 (Baranzini et al.: Genome, epigenome and RNA sequences of monozygotic twins discordant for multiple sclerosis. Nature 2010, 464; S. 1351-1356 – for link see below) showed that this autoimmune disease is not caused by a genetic variation but the course and the treatability are considerably influenced by genetic dispositions. This research was based on analysing three monovular pairs of twins, of which one twin has contracted multiple sclerosis whereas the other one has not.

References

External links

European Federation for Immunogenetics
IMGT Databases at the European Bioinformatics Institute
FAQ on autoimmune diseases by US Department for Health and Human Services
Homepage of the National Genome association studies

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. アバカビル過敏反応 abacavir hypersensitivity reaction
2. 薬物誘発性ループス drug induced lupus
3. 自己免疫性肝炎の分類 classification of autoimmune hepatitis
4. 強皮症の概要および分類 overview and classification of scleroderma disorders
5. 小児および思春期におけるダイヤモンドブラックファン貧血および骨髄異形成症候群に対する造血細胞移植 hematopoietic cell transplantation for diamond blackfan anemia and the myelodysplastic syndromes in children and adolescents

English Journal

Toxoplasma gondii exposure may modulate the influence of TLR2 genetic variation on bipolar disorder: a gene-environment interaction study.

Oliveira J1,2, Kazma R3, Le Floch E3, Bennabi M1,2, Hamdani N2,4,5,6, Bengoufa D7, Dahoun M7, Manier C1, Bellivier F8,9, Krishnamoorthy R1, Deleuze JF3, Yolken R10,11, Leboyer M2,4,5,6, Tamouza R12,13,14,15.
International journal of bipolar disorders.Int J Bipolar Disord.2016 Dec;4(1):11. doi: 10.1186/s40345-016-0052-6. Epub 2016 May 20.
BACKGROUND: Genetic vulnerability to environmental stressors is yet to be clarified in bipolar disorder (BD), a complex multisystem disorder in which immune dysfunction and infectious insults seem to play a major role in the pathophysiology. Association between pattern-recognition receptor coding ge
PMID 27207565

Therapeutic efficacy and safety of Botulinum Toxin A Therapy in Trigeminal Neuralgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Morra ME1, Elgebaly A1, Elmaraezy A1, Khalil AM2, Altibi AM3, Vu TL4, Mostafa MR5, Huy NT6,7, Hirayama K8.
The journal of headache and pain.J Headache Pain.2016 Dec;17(1):63. doi: 10.1186/s10194-016-0651-8. Epub 2016 Jul 5.
BACKGROUND: Several different interventions have been examined to alleviate pain and reduce frequency of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) paroxysms. However, some patients continue to have persistent or recurrent painful attacks. Using a systematic review and meta-analysis approach, we aimed to synthesize
PMID 27377706

Spironolactone loaded nanostructured lipid carrier gel for effective treatment of mild and moderate acne vulgaris: A randomized, double-blind, prospective trial.

Kelidari HR1, Saeedi M2, Hajheydari Z3, Akbari J4, Morteza-Semnani K4, Akhtari J5, Valizadeh H6, Asare-Addo K7, Nokhodchi A8.
Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces.2016 Oct 1;146:47-53. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.05.042. Epub 2016 May 18.
Spironolactone (SP) known as an anti-androgen drug, has been proven to be effective in treatment of acne. The quest to minimize the unnecessary systemic side effects associated with the oral drug administration of spironolactone, has led to a growing interest of loading SP on lipid nanoparticles to
PMID 27248464

Japanese Journal

Neuromyelitis Optica in Japanese Sisters

Tanaka Yuji,Yoshikura Nobuaki,Harada Naoko,Yamada Megumi,Koumura Akihiro,Sakurai Takeo,Hayashi Yuichi,Kimura Akio,Hozumi Isao,Moriwaki Hisataka,Inuzuka Takashi
Internal Medicine 50(22), 2829-2832, 2011
… Both sisters shared some immunogenetic factors, but they were not exposed to the same environmental factors after their early twenties. …
NAID 130001288674