WordNet
- the use of the present tense to describe past actions or states
- temporal sense; intermediate between past and future; now existing or happening or in consideration; "the present leader"; "articles for present use"; "the present topic"; "the present system"; "present observations"
- the period of time that is happening now; any continuous stretch of time including the moment of speech; "that is enough for the present"; "he lives in the present with no thought of tomorrow" (同)nowadays
- something presented as a gift; "his tie was a present from his wife"
- a verb tense that expresses actions or states at the time of speaking (同)present_tense
- introduce; "This poses an interesting question" (同)pose
- bring forward and present to the mind; "We presented the arguments to him"; "We cannot represent this knowledge to our formal reason" (同)represent, lay_out
- hand over formally (同)submit
- being or existing in a specified place; "the murderer is present in this room"; "present at the wedding"; "present at the creation"
- formally present a debutante, a representative of a country, etc.
- of or relating to the study of history; "historical scholars"; "a historical perspective"
- having once lived or existed or taken place in the real world as distinct from being legendary; "the historical Jesus"; "doubt that a historical Camelot every existed"; "actual historical events"
- important in history; "the historic first voyage to outer space"
- belonging to the past; of what is important or famous in the past; "historic victories"; "historical (or historic) times"; "a historical character" (同)historical
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 《通例補語として,また名詞の後に用いて》(…に)『出席している,居合わせている』《+『at(in)』+『名』》 / 《補語にのみ用いて》)ある場所や物の中などに)『ある』,含まれている《+『in』+『名』》 / 《補語にのみ用いて》(心・記憶に)ある,浮かんでいる《+『in』+『名』》 / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》現在の,今の;当面の差し当たっての / 《the~》『現在』,今 / 〈U〉〈C〉(文法で)現在時制;現在形
- 〈C〉『贈り物』,『プレゼント』(gift) / 〈U〉《the+》ささげ銃(つつ)の姿勢 / 〈贈り物・賞など〉‘を'『象る』,柄呈する;〈人〉‘に'贈る / (…に)〈勘定書・小切手・書類など〉‘を'『提出する』,渡す《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / (…に)…‘を'出して見せる,示す《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / (…に)〈人〉‘を'『紹介する』,引き合わせる(introduce)《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / 〈作品〉‘を'公開する;〈劇・映画など〉‘を'上演(映)する;〈人〉‘を'出演させる / 〈事が〉(…に)…‘を'示す,…‘を'原因となる《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / 〈銃〉‘を'ささげ銃(つつ)にする
- 『歴史の』,史学の / 『史実の基づく』,歴史上の
- 『歴史に残る』,歴史的,歴史上有名な / 記録のある,歴史時代の
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2016/01/17 10:13:57」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
In linguistics and rhetoric, the historical present or historic present (also called dramatic present or narrative present) refers to the employment of the present tense when narrating past events. It is widely used in writing about history in Latin (where it is sometimes referred to by its Latin name, praesens historicum) and some modern European languages; in English it is used above all in historical chronicles (listing a series of events); it is also used in fiction, for "hot news" (as in headlines), and in everyday conversation (Huddleston & Pullum 2002: 129–131). In conversation, it is particularly common with "verbs of communication" such as tell, write, and say (and in colloquial uses, go) (Leech 2002: 7). "Historic present" is the form recognised by the Oxford English Dictionary, whereas "historical present" is the form in Merriam Webster.
More recently, analysts of its use in conversation have argued that it functions not by making an event present, but by marking segments of a narrative, foregrounding events (that is, signalling that one event is particularly important, relevant to others) and marking a shift to evaluation (Brinton 1992: 221).
Examples
In an excerpt from Dickens' David Copperfield, we can see that the shift from the past tense to the historical present gives a sense of immediacy, as of a recurring vision:
“ |
If the funeral had been yesterday, I could not recollect it better. The very air of the best parlour, when I went in at the door, the bright condition of the fire, the shining of the wine in the decanters, the patterns of the glasses and plates, the faint sweet smell of cake, the odour of Miss Murdstone’s dress, and our black clothes. Mr. Chillip is in the room, and comes to speak to me.
'And how is Master David?' he says, kindly.
I cannot tell him very well. I give him my hand, which he holds in his. (Chapter IX)
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” |
Margaret Atwood's dystopian novel The Handmaid's Tale is entirely written in the historical present tense.[citation needed]
In describing fiction
Summaries of the narratives (plots) of works of fiction are conventionally presented using the present tense rather than the past tense. At any particular point of the story, as it unfolds, there is a now, and hence a past and a future, so whether some event mentioned in the story is past, present, or, future changes as the story progresses; the entire plot description is presented as if the story's now is a continuous present. Thus, in summarizing the plot of A Tale of Two Cities, one may write:
- "Manette is obsessed with making shoes, a trade he learned while in prison."
Further reading
- *Brinton, L. J. (1992). "The historical present in Charlotte Bronte's novels: Some discourse functions." Style 26(2): 221-244.
- *Huddleston, R. and G. K. Pullum (2002). The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43146-8
- *Leech, G. N. (1971). Meaning and the English Verb, London: Longman. . ISBN 0-582-52214-5
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Tipping points in tropical tree cover: linking theory to data.
- van Nes EH, Hirota M, Holmgren M, Scheffer M.Author information Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, Wageningen, NL-6700 AA, The Netherlands.AbstractIt has recently been found that the frequency distribution of remotely sensed tree cover in the tropics has three distinct modes, which seem to correspond to forest, savanna, and treeless states. This pattern has been suggested to imply that these states represent alternative attractors, and that the response of these systems to climate change would be characterized by critical transitions and hysteresis. Here, we show how this inference is contingent upon mechanisms at play. We present a simple dynamical model that can generate three alternative tree cover states (forest, savanna, and a treeless state), based on known mechanisms, and use this model to simulate patterns of tree cover under different scenarios. We use these synthetic data to show that the hysteresis inferred from remotely sensed tree cover patterns will be inflated by spatial heterogeneity of environmental conditions. On the other hand, we show that the hysteresis inferred from satellite data may actually underestimate real hysteresis in response to climate change if there exists a positive feedback between regional tree cover and precipitation. Our results also indicate that such positive feedback between vegetation and climate should cause direct shifts between forest and a treeless state (rather than through an intermediate savanna state) to become more likely. Finally, we show how directionality of historical change in conditions may bias the observed relationship between tree cover and environmental conditions.
- Global change biology.Glob Chang Biol.2014 Mar;20(3):1016-21. doi: 10.1111/gcb.12398. Epub 2014 Jan 23.
- It has recently been found that the frequency distribution of remotely sensed tree cover in the tropics has three distinct modes, which seem to correspond to forest, savanna, and treeless states. This pattern has been suggested to imply that these states represent alternative attractors, and that th
- PMID 24106057
- Health related guide values for drinking-water since 1993 as guidance to assess presence of new analytes in drinking-water.
- Dieter HH.Author information Former Head of the Department "Toxicology of Drinking-Water", Federal Environment Agency of Germany (UBA/Umweltbundesamt), Dessau-Roßlau, Germany(1). Electronic address: hh.dieter@t-online.de.AbstractRegulatory toxicologists, when going into assessment of a new analyte in drinking-water, very often miss the occasion to revert to scientifically consensual virtually safe lifetime exposure reference doses and corresponding health-related guide values (HRGV) for drinking-water, be those derived either to avoid concern over "threshold effects" or concern over exceedance of an unacceptable non-threshold cancer risk level. They then need a more restrictive precautionary yet science-compatible approach to directly avoid concern over the presence (measured concentration) of a new analyte in drinking-water. Therefore, the German Environment Agency (UBA, Umweltbundesamt) decided in 2003 to extrapolate international toxicological expertise collected since 1993 from assessing "old" analytes in drinking-water on new ones in form of five HRIV=health related indication values. They indicate the reasonable lowest maximal concentration from which on tiered or stepwise human toxicological evaluation of a new analyte might be necessary and meaningful. Their regulatory-toxicological function is that of placeholders as long as a possibly higher scientific HRGV or a surrogate value based on a threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) was not broadly agreed by science. The five-step HRIV scale between 0.01 and 3.0μg/l combines international toxicological experience gained from "old" analytes since 1993 with the concepts of safety factors (SFD) to assess database deficiency and science-related extrapolation factors (EF) to extrapolate experimental data on humans. Each HRIV is valid and safe for a 2l/day drinking-water exposure scenario either counting for 10% relative source contribution (compounds with threshold effects) or for a lifetime non-threshold cancer risk of up to 10(-6) and is the higher the more positive information exists regarding possible effects at critical toxic endpoints and for length of possible exposure. Past (historical) and present evaluations of "old" analytes were available in form of hundreds of HRGVs to count in 2 liters per day and person for 10% RSC or a 10(-6) non-threshold risk. These HRGVs were calculated by the present author either from ADI-, TDI- or RfD-values derived since 1993 by six large health authorities or they were identified directly at their websites or in the literature, always looking for confirmed or assumed worldwide relevance for drinking-water (resources). 36 of these up to 200 "old" analytes were ascribed since 1993 at least once an HRGV at or below 1μg/l for (confirmed or provisionally assumed) "high" or "very high" threshold chronic toxicity. None but one of the corresponding 113 scientific HRGVs fell distinctly short of 0.3μg/l. Only 14 carcinogens turned out as being relevant for drinking-water due to confirmed occurrence and coincident toxicological significance there. 13 of these exhibited a structural alert for genotoxicity. Ten of these 13 were "high-potency" genotoxic carcinogens with presently calculated non-threshold 10(-6) risk minimal HRGVs between 0.06μg/l and 0.005μg/l (9 compounds) or possibly down to 0.0007μg/l (1 compound). This motivated UBA to propose a precautionary range between a minimal HRIV0=0.01 and a HRIV1=0.1μg/l to assess new analytes bearing a structural alert for genotoxicity. The HRGVs for the remaining three (from 13) carcinogens with alerts for genotoxicity were at best similar for both genotoxic and non-genotoxic effects and higher or equal to 0.3μg/l. Therefore, a minimal HRIV of 0.01μg/l (HRIV0) or even 0.1μg/l (HRIV1) would have appeared too low for assessing the presence in drinking-water of new analytes with no other human toxicity data than proven absence of both genotoxicity and of structural alerts for such. Instead, UBA proposes to provisionally assess such compounds by its next higher precautionary of HRIV3=0.3μg/l. Any value once set is open for falsification upwards to either 1.0μg/l (HRIV4) or 3.0μg/l (HRIV5) or even for being replaced by an HRGV>3.0μg/l if pertinent high toxicity effect potentials different from genotoxicity are similarly ruled out by either mechanistic and TTC-based arguments or a tiered experimental (in vitro and/or in vivo) approach.
- International journal of hygiene and environmental health.Int J Hyg Environ Health.2014 Mar;217(2-3):117-32. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.05.001. Epub 2013 Jun 6.
- Regulatory toxicologists, when going into assessment of a new analyte in drinking-water, very often miss the occasion to revert to scientifically consensual virtually safe lifetime exposure reference doses and corresponding health-related guide values (HRGV) for drinking-water, be those derived eith
- PMID 23820379
- Risk factors for suicide among 34,671 patients with psychotic and non-psychotic severe depression.
- Leadholm AK1, Rothschild AJ2, Nielsen J3, Bech P4, Ostergaard SD5.Author information 1Unit for Psychiatric Research, Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Psychiatric research Unit, Psychiatric Center North Zealand, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød, Denmark. Electronic address: a.k.leadholm@gmail.com.2University of Massachusetts Medical School and UMass Memorial Health Care, Worcester, MA, USA.3Center for Schizophrenia, Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.4Psychiatric research Unit, Psychiatric Center North Zealand, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød, Denmark.5Unit for Psychiatric Research, Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.AbstractBACKGROUND: Severe unipolar depression is associated with increased risk of suicide, but it remains unknown whether the same risk factors are present in the non-psychotic (non-PD) and psychotic (PD) subtypes respectively. Therefore, this study aimed to identify risk factors for suicide in non-PD and PD separately, and to investigate if the presence of psychotic symptoms is an independent risk factor for suicide in severe depression.
- Journal of affective disorders.J Affect Disord.2014 Mar;156:119-25. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.12.003. Epub 2013 Dec 18.
- BACKGROUND: Severe unipolar depression is associated with increased risk of suicide, but it remains unknown whether the same risk factors are present in the non-psychotic (non-PD) and psychotic (PD) subtypes respectively. Therefore, this study aimed to identify risk factors for suicide in non-PD and
- PMID 24388683
Japanese Journal
- 中東情勢分析 「民主化」とシリアのクルド人 : その歴史的展開と現況
- 益岡 隆志
- 国語研プロジェクトレビュー 4(2), 75-81, 2013-10-00
- 複文構文プロジェクトの目的は,日本語複文構文研究のさらなる発展の可能性を提示することである。考察対象に連用複文構文と連体複文構文の両方を掲げるとともに,歴史言語学,コーパス言語学,対照言語学などからの広範なアプローチを試みる。本報告では,複文構文プロジェクトの研究成果のなかから,2つの話題を紹介する。1つは連用節と連体節における接続形式の現れ方に関する言語類型の問題であり,もう1つはテ形節の定形性 …
- NAID 110009614244
- 田島 忠篤
- 天使大学紀要 13(2), 53-71, 2013-06-28
- 本稿は、日本の新宗教の出現がとくに村落-都市移動を指標とする近代化と関連しているかを検証することに焦点をあてている。農村-都市移動が新宗教への加入を説明するのに有効かを明確にするために、まず、歴史的に新宗教出現の社会的背景を示し、この成果を基に新宗教とは何かを定義する。次に、農村-都市移動と新宗教への加入を扱った先行研究をレビューし、最後に、1970年代後半から教勢を伸ばしてきた「新・新宗教」およ …
- NAID 110009605256
Related Links
- The historical present is the use of a verb phrase in the present tense to refer to an event that took place in the past. ... A joke told in the historical present tense: "A horse walks into a bar. The bartender asks, 'Hey, why ...
- historical present n. The present tense used in the narration of events set in the past. Our Living Language When telling stories about past events, people often switch into present tense, as in I was walking home from work one day.
★リンクテーブル★
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- 聖職禄者推薦をする
- 武器を向ける
- (医)(胎児の一部が)子宮口に現れる、先進する。(症状が)現れる。(患者が)(病気で)診察を受けに来る(with)
- SLE may present with predominantly neurological or psychiatric features.
- (良い・悪いなどの)印象を与える、~のように見える、~な感じがする
- 関
- announce, announcement, as of, at present, certain, current, currently, demonstrate, depict, display, exhibit, exist, give, indicate, indicative, now, point out, pose, presentation, presently, publish, reflect, representation, representational, show, signify, some, submission, submit, suggest
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- 関
- background、historic、historically、history
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- 関
- historical、historically