WordNet

a medicine used to treat the gastric effects of histamine in cases of peptic ulcers and gastritis and gastroesophageal reflux; works by blocking the effects of histamine on the receptor site known as H2
a three-dimensional shape with six square or rectangular sides (同)cube
(computer science) a sector or group of sectors that function as the smallest data unit permitted; "since blocks are often defined as a single sector, the terms `block and `sector are sometimes used interchangeably"
support, secure, or raise with a block; "block a plate for printing"; "block the wheels of a car"
a solid piece of something (usually having flat rectangular sides); "the pyramids were built with large stone blocks"
housing in a large building that is divided into separate units; "there is a block of classrooms in the west wing"
a rectangular area in a city surrounded by streets and usually containing several buildings; "he lives in the next block" (同)city block
an inability to remember or think of something you normally can do; often caused by emotional tension; "I knew his name perfectly well but I had a temporary block" (同)mental_block
a number or quantity of related things dealt with as a unit; "he reserved a large block of seats"; "he held a large block of the companys stock"
interrupt the normal function of by means of anesthesia; "block a nerve"; "block a muscle"
run on a block system; "block trains"
shape by using a block; "Block a hat"; "block a garment"
shape into a block or blocks; "block the graphs so one can see the results clearly"
stamp or emboss a title or design on a book with a block; "block the book cover"
a class of drugs that inhibit (block) some biological process (同)blocking_agent
a football player whose responsibility is to block players attempting to stop an offensive play
amine formed from histidine that stimulates gastric secretions and dilates blood vessels; released by the human immune system during allergic reactions

PrepTutorEJDIC

(木・石などの,通例平らな面のある)『かたまり』 / 《米》(四団を街路に囲まれた)『区画』,街区 / 街区の1辺の距離(一般に40メートル前後) / 《英》ブロック(アパート・事務所・商店などに区切られている大きな建物) / 『妨害物』,障害物(obstacle);(障害によって生じた)停滞,渋滞 / 台木,台(まないた・肉切り台・まき割り台・せり売り台・帽子の木型など);《the~》炭頭台 / (特にアメリカンフットボールで)ブロック(相手の選手の突進を阻止する) / 滑車(pulley) / (座席券・株券などの)一組《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈通路など〉'を'『ふさぐ』,〈通行・進行など〉'を'妨げる / 〈帽子など〉の型取りをする / (特にアメリカンフットボールで)〈相手選手の突進〉'を'ブロックする;(ボクシングで)〈相手のパンチ〉'を'ブロックする
ヒスタミン(子宮収縮・血圧降下の薬)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 肥満細胞由来のメディエーター mast cell derived mediators
2. アナフィラキシーの病態生理 pathophysiology of anaphylaxis
3. アレルギーのin vitro検査の概要 overview of in vitro allergy tests
4. スコンブロイド（ヒスタミン）中毒 scombroid histamine poisoning
5. 癌治療に用いられる治療用モノクローナル抗体に対する輸注反応 infusion reactions to therapeutic monoclonal antibodies used for cancer therapy

English Journal

Analysis of gastrointestinal prophylaxis in patients receiving dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel.

Morneau KM1, Reaves AB, Martin JB, Oliphant CS.Author information 1Methodist University Hospital, Dept. of Pharmacy, 1265 Union Ave., Memphis, TN 38104, USA. Carrie.Oliphant@mlh.org.AbstractBACKGROUND: Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) has been found to reduce the risk of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and stent thrombosis following acute coronary syndrome and percutaneous coronary intervention. However, this therapy has also been shown to increase the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding as high as 2-fold, especially in patients with multiple risk factors. Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy decreases this risk. The current consensus document on reducing GI risks associated with antiplatelet agents no longer recommends PPI therapy for all patients receiving aspirin (ASA) and clopidogrel. The consensus recommendation reserves PPI therapy for patients receiving DAPT with a history of upper GI bleeding or prespecified risk factors for GI bleeding.
Journal of managed care pharmacy : JMCP.J Manag Care Pharm.2014 Feb;20(2):187-93.
BACKGROUND: Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) has been found to reduce the risk of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and stent thrombosis following acute coronary syndrome and percutaneous coronary intervention. However, this therapy has also been shown to increase the risk of gastrointes
PMID 24456320

Infralimbic cortex controls core body temperature in a histamine dependent manner.

Riveros ME1, Perdomo G2, Torrealba F3.Author information 1Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Chile. Electronic address: meriverouccl@gmail.com.2Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Chile. Electronic address: guayec@gmail.com.3Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Chile. Electronic address: ftorrealba@bio.puc.cl.AbstractAn increase in body temperature accelerates biochemical reactions and behavioral and physiological responses. A mechanism to actively increase body temperature would be beneficial during motivated behaviors. The prefrontal cortex is implicated in organizing motivated behavior; the infralimbic cortex, a subregion of the medial prefrontal cortex, has the necessary connectivity to serve the role of initiating such thermogenic mechanism at the beginning of the appetitive phase of motivated behavior; further, this cortex is active during motivated behavior and its disinhibition produces a marked behavioral and vegetative arousal increase, together with increases in histamine levels. We wanted to explore if this arousal was related to histaminergic activation after pharmacological infralimbic disinhibition and during the appetitive phase of motivated behavior. We measured core temperature and motor activity in response to picrotoxin injection in the infralimbic cortex, as well as during food-related appetitive behavior, evoked by enticing hungry rats with food. Pretreatment with the H1 receptor antagonist pyrilamine decreased thermal response to picrotoxin and enticement and completely blunted motor response to enticement. Motor and temperature responses to enticement were also completely abolished by infralimbic cortex inhibition with muscimol. To assess if this histamine dependent temperature increase was produced by an active sympathetic mediated thermogenic mechanism or was just a consequence of increased locomotor activity, we injected propranolol (i.p.), a β adrenergic receptor blocker, before picrotoxin injection into the infralimbic cortex. Propranolol reduced the temperature increase without affecting locomotor activity. Altogether, these results suggest that infralimbic activation is necessary for appetitive behavior by inducing a motor and a vegetative arousal increase mediated by central histamine.
Physiology & behavior.Physiol Behav.2014 Jan 28;128C:1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.01.011. [Epub ahead of print]
An increase in body temperature accelerates biochemical reactions and behavioral and physiological responses. A mechanism to actively increase body temperature would be beneficial during motivated behaviors. The prefrontal cortex is implicated in organizing motivated behavior; the infralimbic cortex
PMID 24480074

Microvascular Dysfunction with Increased Vascular Leakage Response in Mice Systemically Exposed to Arsenic.

Chen SC1, Huang SY, Lu CY, Hsu YH, Wang DC.Author information 1Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, jaychen@kmu.edu.tw.AbstractThe mechanisms underlying cardiovascular disease induced by arsenic exposure are not completely understood. The objectives of this study were to investigate whether arsenic-fed mice have an increased vascular leakage response to vasoactive agents and whether enhanced type-2 protein phosphatase (PP2A) activity is involved in mustard oil-induced leakage. ICR mice were fed water or sodium arsenite (20 mg/kg) for 4 or 8 weeks. The leakage response to vasoactive agents was quantified using the Evans blue (EB) technique or vascular labeling with carbon particles. Increased EB leakage and high density of carbon-labeled microvessels were detected in arsenic-fed mice treated with mustard oil. Histamine induced significantly higher vascular leakage in arsenic-fed mice than in water-fed mice. Pretreatment with the PP2A inhibitor okadaic acid or the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) blocker RP67580 significantly reduced mustard oil-induced vascular leakage in arsenic-fed mice. The protein levels of PP2Ac and NK1R were similar in both groups. PP2A activity was significantly higher in the arsenic-fed mice compared with the control group. These findings indicate that microvessels generally respond to vasoactive agents, and that the increased PP2A activity is involved in mustard oil-induced vascular leakage in arsenic-fed mice. Arsenic may initiate endothelial dysfunction, resulting in vascular leakage in response to vasoactive agents.
Cardiovascular toxicology.Cardiovasc Toxicol.2014 Jan 22. [Epub ahead of print]
The mechanisms underlying cardiovascular disease induced by arsenic exposure are not completely understood. The objectives of this study were to investigate whether arsenic-fed mice have an increased vascular leakage response to vasoactive agents and whether enhanced type-2 protein phosphatase (PP2A
PMID 24448713

Japanese Journal

内視鏡的硬化療法後の胃酸逆流に対するプロトンポンプ阻害剤ラベプラゾールの治療効果の検討 : (24時間PHモニターを用いた無作為化比較研究)

Akahoshi Tomohiko,Kawanaka Hirofumi,Tomikawa Morimasa,Saeki Hiroshi,Uchiyama Hideaki,Ikeda Tetsuo,Shirabe Ken,Hashizume Makoto,Maehara Yoshihiko
Fukuoka Acta Medica 104(12), 483-489, 2013-12-25
… The patients were randomly allocated into two groups, and during EIS sessions, one group was administered proton pump inhibitor (PPI) (Rabeprazole 20mg a person once a day), while the other received histamine H2 receptor antagonist (H_2-blocker) (famotidine 20mg a person, twice a day). … Results : All patients in the H_2-blocker group showed an increased percentage of time with pH < …
NAID 120005464646

長期未診断で経過しC1インヒビター遺伝子に新規ミスセンス変異を確認し診断した遺伝性血管性浮腫―血管性浮腫情報センターの活用

三井田博
日本皮膚科学会雑誌 123(3), 291-296, 2013
30歳，男性．20歳時より手の一過性の浮腫が時々出現していたが特に医療機関を受診せず，放置していた．母親と兄2人にも同様の症状が出現していた．また，2011年8月に腹痛を主訴に当院内科に入院しCTで小腸に限局性の浮腫を認めたが，小腸炎として補液のみで軽快したため精査されず正確な診断がなされなかったという既往がある．2011年10月，特に誘因なく，顔面に著明な浮腫が出現し，当院に救急搬送された．呼吸 …
NAID 130004702065

Effect of Azelastine on Cardiac Repolarization of Guinea-Pig Cardiomyocytes, hERG K⁺ Channel, and Human L-type and T-type Ca²⁺ Channel

, , [他], , , ,
Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 123(1), 67-77, 2013
… Azelastine is a second generation histamine H1–receptor antagonist used as an anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic drug that can induce QT prolongation and torsades de pointes. … These results suggest that azelastine is a potent blocker of hERG channels rather than ICa,L or ICa,T, providing molecular mechanisms for the arrhythmogenic side effects during the clinical administration of azelastine. …
NAID 130003362736