関: HPNS

WordNet

in or to a high position, amount, or degree; "prices have gone up far too high"
a state of altered consciousness induced by alcohol or narcotics; "they took drugs to get a high on"
a state of sustained elation; "Im on a permanent high these days"
an air mass of higher than normal pressure; "the east coast benefits from a Bermuda high"
a lofty level or position or degree; "summer temperatures reached an all-time high"
a high place; "they stood on high and observed the countryside"; "he doesnt like heights" (同)heights
at a great altitude; "he climbed high on the ladder" (同)high up
used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency (同)high-pitched
happy and excited and energetic (同)in high spirits
slightly and pleasantly intoxicated from alcohol or a drug (especially marijuana) (同)mellow
in a rich manner; "he lives high" (同)richly, luxuriously
(literal meaning) being at or having a relatively great or specific elevation or upward extension (sometimes used in combinations like `knee-high'
far up toward the source; "he lives high up the river"
greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount; "a high temperature"; "a high price"; "the high point of his career"; "high risks"; "has high hopes"; "the river is high"; "he has a high opinion of himself"
the force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in pascals (SI unit) or in dynes (cgs unit); "the compressed gas exerts an increased pressure" (同)pressure level, force per unit area
an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress
the somatic sensation that results from applying force to an area of skin; "the sensitivity of his skin to pressure and temperature was normal" (同)pressure_sensation
a force that compels; "the public brought pressure to bear on the government"
a pattern of symptoms indicative of some disease
a complex of concurrent things; "every word has a syndrome of meanings"
of or relating to or used in or practicing neurology; "neurological evidence" (同)neurologic

PrepTutorEJDIC

『高い』,高い所にある / 《数の後に置いて》高さが…ある / (数量・程度などが標準より)『高い』,大きい,激しい / (身分・地位が)『高い』,高貴な / 『気高い』,高潔な / (声の調子が)『高い』,鋭い / 値段の高い,金の掛かる,ぜいたくな / 楽しい,陽気な,上得意の / (時・季節が)盛りの,たけなわの / (色が)濃い,赤い / 《話》(酒・麻薬などに)酔って / 『高く』,高い所に / (価値・程度などが)高く,高度に,激しく / 〈C〉《話》高水準,高値 / 〈U〉(自動車の)高速ギア / 〈C〉《話》(麻薬などによる)酔った状態
〈U〉『押すこと』,『押しつけること』,圧搾,圧縮;〈C〉〈U〉『圧力』,圧力の強さ / 〈U〉『圧迫』,『強制』 / 〈U〉(不快な)圧迫感 / 〈C〉〈U〉(精神的な)重荷,苦脳;(時間・金銭的)切迫 / 〈U〉多忙,あわただしさ / 《おもに米》…‘に'圧力をかける,強制する(《英》pressurise)
(疾患の徴候となる一群の)症徴候,症候群 / (事件・社会的状態などのパターンを示す)徴候形態
《話》(あいさつとして)『やあ』,こんにちは / 《英》(注意を促す発声として)おい,ちょっと(hey)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/09/23 14:10:14」(JST)

wiki en

High-pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS – also known as high-pressure neurological syndrome) is a neurological and physiological diving disorder that results when a diver descends below about 500 feet (150 m) using a breathing gas containing helium. The effects experienced, and the severity of those effects, depend on the rate of descent, the depth and percentage of helium.^[1]

"Helium tremors" were first widely described in 1965 by Royal Navy physiologist Peter B. Bennett, who also founded the Divers Alert Network.^[1]^[2] Russian scientist G. L. Zal'tsman also reported on helium tremors in his experiments from 1961. However, these reports were not available in the West until 1967.^[3]

The term high-pressure nervous syndrome was first used by Brauer in 1968 to describe the combined symptoms of tremor, electroencephalography (EEG) changes, and somnolence that appeared during a 1,189-foot (362 m) chamber dive in Marseille.^[4]

Symptoms

Symptoms of HPNS include tremors, myoclonic jerking, somnolence, EEG changes,^[5] visual disturbance, nausea, dizziness, and decreased mental performance.^[1]^[2]

Causes

HPNS has two components, one resulting from the speed of compression and the other from the absolute pressure. The compression effects may occur when descending below 500 feet (150 m) at rates greater than a few metres per minute, but reduce within a few hours once the pressure has stabilised. The effects from depth become significant at depths exceeding 1,000 feet (300 m) and remain regardless of the time spent at that depth.^[1]

The susceptibility of divers and animals to HPNS varies over a wide range depending on the individual, but has little variation between different dives by the same diver.^[1]

Prevention

It is likely that HPNS cannot be entirely prevented but there are effective methods to delay or change the development of the symptoms.^[1]^[6]

Utilizing slow rates of compression or adding stops to the compression have been found to prevent large initial decrements in performance.^[1]^[7]

Including other gases in the helium–oxygen mixture, such as nitrogen (creating trimix) or hydrogen (producing hydreliox) suppresses the neurological effects.^[8]^[9]^[10]

Alcohol, anesthetics and anticonvulsant drugs have had varying results in suppressing HPNS with animals.^[1] None are currently in use for humans.^{[citation needed]}

In popular culture

HPNS is a plot point in the 1989 James Cameron film The Abyss.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Bennett, Peter B; Rostain, Jean Claude (2003). "The High Pressure Nervous Syndrome". In Brubakk, Alf O; Neuman, Tom S. Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving, 5th Rev ed. United States: Saunders. pp. 323–57. ISBN 0-7020-2571-2.
^ ^a ^b Bennett, P. B. (1965). "Psychometric impairment in men breathing oxygen-helium at increased pressures". Royal Navy Personnel Research Committee, Underwater Physiology Subcommittee Report No. 251. London.
^ Zal'tsman, G. L. (1967). "Psychological principles of a sojourn of a human in conditions of raised pressure of the gaseous medium (in Russian, 1961)". English translation, Foreign Technology Division. AD655 360. Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.
^ Brauer, R. W. (1968). "Seeking man's depth level". Ocean Industry. London. 3: 28–33.
^ Brauer, R. W.; S. Dimov; X. Fructus; P. Fructus; A. Gosset; R. Naquet. (1968). "Syndrome neurologique et electrographique des hautes pressions". Rev Neurol. Paris. 121 (3): 264–5. PMID 5378824.
^ Hunger Jr, W. L.; P. B. Bennett. (1974). "The causes, mechanisms and prevention of the high pressure nervous syndrome". Undersea Biomed. Res. 1 (1): 1–28. ISSN 0093-5387. OCLC 2068005. PMID 4619860. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
^ Bennett, P. B.; R. Coggin; M. McLeod. (1982). "Effect of compression rate on use of trimix to ameliorate HPNS in man to 686 m (2250 ft)". Undersea Biomed. Res. 9 (4): 335–51. ISSN 0093-5387. OCLC 2068005. PMID 7168098. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
^ Vigreux, J. (1970). "Contribution to the study of the neurological and mental reactions of the organism of the higher mammal to gaseous mixtures under pressure". MD Thesis. Toulouse University.
^ Fife, W. P. (1979). "The use of Non-Explosive mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen for diving". Texas A&M University Sea Grant. TAMU-SG-79-201.
^ Rostain, J. C.; Gardette-Chauffour, M. C.; Lemaire, C.; Naquet, R. (1988). "Effects of a H2-He-O2 mixture on the HPNS up to 450 msw". Undersea Biomedical Research. 15 (4): 257–70. ISSN 0093-5387. OCLC 2068005. PMID 3212843. Retrieved 2008-04-07.

External links

Select publications about HPNS hosted by the Rubicon Foundation

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