WordNet

on the surface; "surface materials of the moon"
the outer boundary of an artifact or a material layer constituting or resembling such a boundary; "there is a special cleaner for these surfaces"; "the cloth had a pattern of red dots on a white surface"
the outermost level of the land or sea; "earthquakes originate far below the surface"; "three quarters of the Earths surface is covered by water" (同)Earth''s surface
a superficial aspect as opposed to the real nature of something; "it was not what it appeared to be on the surface"
the extended two-dimensional outer boundary of a three-dimensional object; "they skimmed over the surface of the water"; "a brush small enough to clean every dental surface"; "the sun has no distinct surface"
come to the surface (同)come_up, rise up, rise
the 2nd letter of the Roman alphabet (同)b
the blood group whose red cells carry the B antigen (同)type_B, group B
any substance (as a toxin or enzyme) that stimulates an immune response in the body (especially the production of antibodies)
inflammation of the liver caused by a virus or a toxin
emerging to the surface and becoming apparent

PrepTutorEJDIC

(物の)表面,外面;水面 / 《比喩的に》『うわべ』,見かけ / 『表面(水面)の,』表面(水面)に関する / 《比喩的に》『うわべだけの,』見かけだけの / 陸(水)上輸送の / (沈んでいたものが)表面に浮上する;《話》《おどけて》(寝ていた人が)起きる / (…で)…‘に'表面をつける,〈道路〉‘を'舗装する《+名+with+名》
抗原(生物の体内にはいって免疫体を作る物質)
肝[臓]炎

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/30 15:26:40」(JST)

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The genome organisation of HBV. The genes overlap. (ORF S, in green, encodes HBsAg)

HBsAg

HBsAg is the surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It indicates current hepatitis B infection.

Structure and function

The viral envelope of an enveloped virus has different surface proteins from the rest of the virus which act as antigens. These antigens are recognized by antibody proteins that bind specifically to one of these surface proteins.

Immunoassay

Today, these antigen-proteins can be genetically manufactured (e.g. transgene E. coli) to produce material for a simple antigen test, which detects the presence of HBV.

It is present in the sera of patients with viral hepatitis B (with or without clinical symptoms). Patients who developed antibodies against HBsAg (anti-HBsAg seroconversion) are usually considered non-infectious. HBsAg detection by immunoassay is used in blood screening, to establish a diagnosis of hepatitis B infection in the clinical setting (in combination with other disease markers) and to monitor antiviral treatment.

In histopathology, the presence of HBsAg is more commonly demonstrated by the use of the Shikata orcein technique, which uses a natural dye to bind to the antigen in infected liver cells.^[1]

Positive HBsAg tests can be due to recent vaccination against Hepatitis B virus but this positivity is unlikely to persist beyond 14 days post-vaccination.^[2]

History

It is commonly referred to as the Australia Antigen. This is because it was first isolated by the American research physician and Nobel Prize winner Baruch S. Blumberg in the serum of an Australian Aboriginal person.^[3] It was discovered to be part of the virus that caused serum hepatitis by virologist Alfred Prince in 1968.

Heptavax, a "first-generation" hepatitis B vaccine in the 1980s, was made from HBsAg extracted from the blood plasma of hepatitis patients. Current vaccines are made from recombinant HBsAg grown in yeast.

References

^ Guarascio, P. et al. (1983). "Value of copper-associated protein in diagnostic assessment of liver biopsy". Journal of Clinical Pathology 36 (1): 18–23. doi:10.1136/jcp.36.1.18. PMC 498098. PMID 6185545.
^ Rysgaard, Carolyn D; Morris, Cory S; Drees, Denny; Bebber, Tami; Davis, Scott R; Kulhavy, Jeff; Krasowski, Matthew D (2012). "Positive hepatitis B surface antigen tests due to recent vaccination: a persistent problem". BMC Clinical Pathology 12 (1): 15. doi:10.1186/1472-6890-12-15. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
^ Blumberg B, Alter H (1965). "A "new" antigen in leukemia sera". JAMA 191: 101–106. doi:10.1001/jama.1965.03080070025007. PMID 14239025.

UpToDate Contents

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1. Diagnosis of hepatitis B virus infection
2. B型肝炎と妊娠 hepatitis b and pregnancy
3. B型肝炎ウイルスワクチン hepatitis b virus vaccination
4. 肝炎ウイルスと新生児：臨床症状および治療 hepatitis viruses and the newborn clinical manifestations and treatment
5. HIV感染患者におけるスクリーニング検査 screening laboratory tests in hiv infected patients

English Journal

Relationship between polymorphisms near the IL28B gene and spontaneous HBsAg seroclearance: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Lee DH, Lee JH, Kim YJ, Park NH, Cho Y, Lee YB, Yoo JJ, Lee M, Cho YY, Choi WM, Yu SJ, Yoon JH, Kim CY, Lee HS.Author information Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.AbstractPolymorphisms near the interleukin (IL) 28B gene have been proposed to be associated with spontaneous clearance of the hepatitis C virus. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between IL28B polymorphisms and the rate of spontaneous hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroclearance by means of meta-analysis. MEDLINE/PubMed and EMBASE were utilized to identify relevant studies. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were analysed together to assess the strength of the association. Subgroup analyses were mainly performed according to ethnicity. A total of 4028 cases with persistent chronic hepatitis B and 2327 spontaneously recovered controls were included from 11 studies. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs12979860, had no significant association with HBsAg seroclearance (OR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.84-1.14 in the dominant model; OR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.68-1.46 in the recessive model; and OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.82-1.09 in the allelic model). The SNP, rs12980275, had no significant association either (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.84-1.26 in the dominant model; OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 0.46-2.96 in the recessive model; and OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.86-1.26 in the allelic model), nor did the SNP, rs8099917 (OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.77-1.15 in the dominant model; OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.34-1.62 in the recessive model; and OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.77-1.13 in the allelic model). Similarly, the results of subgroup analyses by ethnicity also showed no association in either the Asian group or non-Asian group. We concluded that there was no significant association between common IL28B polymorphisms and the rate of spontaneous HBsAg seroclearance.
Journal of viral hepatitis.J Viral Hepat.2014 Mar;21(3):163-70. doi: 10.1111/jvh.12193. Epub 2013 Oct 31.
Polymorphisms near the interleukin (IL) 28B gene have been proposed to be associated with spontaneous clearance of the hepatitis C virus. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between IL28B polymorphisms and the rate of spontaneous hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroclearance
PMID 24438678

A novel homozygous no-stop mutation in G6PC gene from a Chinese patient with glycogen storage disease type Ia.

Gu LL1, Li XH1, Han Y1, Zhang DH1, Gong QM2, Zhang XX3.Author information 1Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious and Respiratory Diseases, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Sino-French Laboratory of Life Science and Genomics, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.2Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious and Respiratory Diseases, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: gongqm@hotmail.cm.3Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious and Respiratory Diseases, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Sino-French Laboratory of Life Science and Genomics, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: zhangx@shsmu.edu.cn.AbstractGlycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD-Ia) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder resulting in hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly and growth retardation. It is caused by mutations in the G6PC gene encoding Glucose-6-phosphatase. To date, over 80 mutations have been identified in the G6PC gene. Here we reported a novel mutation found in a Chinese patient with abnormal transaminases, hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly and short stature. Direct sequencing of the coding region and splicing-sites in the G6PC gene revealed a novel no-stop mutation, p.*358Yext*43, leading to a 43 amino-acid extension of G6Pase. The expression level of mutant G6Pase transcripts was only 7.8% relative to wild-type transcripts. This mutation was not found in 120 chromosomes from 60 unrelated healthy control subjects using direct sequencing, and was further confirmed by digestion with Rsa I restriction endonuclease. In conclusion, we revealed a novel no-stop mutation in this study which expands the spectrum of mutations in the G6PC gene. The molecular genetic analysis was indispensable to the diagnosis of GSD-Ia for the patient.
Gene.Gene.2014 Feb 25;536(2):362-5. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.11.059. Epub 2013 Dec 16.
Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD-Ia) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder resulting in hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly and growth retardation. It is caused by mutations in the G6PC gene encoding Glucose-6-phosphatase. To date, over 80 mutations have been identified in the G6PC gene. Here we re
PMID 24355556

Reactivation of hepatitis B virus in a hepatitis B surface antigen-negative patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with arsenic trioxide.

Yujiri T, Tanaka M, Taguchi A, Tanaka Y, Nakamura Y, Tanizawa Y.
Annals of hematology.Ann Hematol.2014 Feb;93(2):351-2. doi: 10.1007/s00277-013-1804-3. Epub 2013 Jun 1.
PMID 23728611

Japanese Journal

妊婦健診における肝炎ウイルス検査に対する意識調査

肝臓 57(8), 376-381, 2016-08
NAID 40020912417

Hepatitis B Virus Reactivation Following Salazosulfapyridine Monotherapy in a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Internal Medicine 55(10), 1371-1373, 2016
NAID 130005151191

アルデヒド含有自己組織化単分子層を用いたB型肝炎表面抗原検出用電気化学インピーダンス免疫センサーの作製

Electrochemistry 84(4), 224-227, 2016
NAID 130005143675

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「HBs抗原」「HBsAg」「B型肝炎表面抗原」「HBsAG」
拡張検索	「hepatitis B surface antigen-negative」
関連記事	「B」「surface」「surface antigen」