WordNet

guide or conduct or usher somewhere; "hand the elderly lady into the taxi"
a unit of length equal to 4 inches; used in measuring horses; "the horse stood 20 hands"
physical assistance; "give me a hand with the chores" (同)helping hand
a rotating pointer on the face of a timepiece; "the big hand counts the minutes"
terminal part of the forelimb in certain vertebrates (e.g. apes or kangaroos); "the kangaroos forearms seem undeveloped but the powerful five-fingered hands are skilled at feinting and clouting"- Springfield (Mass.) Union
the cards held in a card game by a given player at any given time; "I didnt hold a good hand all evening"; "he kept trying to see my hand" (同)deal
the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb; "he had the hands of a surgeon"; "he extended his mitt" (同)manus, mitt, paw
a member of the crew of a ship; "all hands on deck"
a position given by its location to the side of an object; "objections were voiced on every hand"
a round of applause to signify approval; "give the little lady a great big hand"
ability; "he wanted to try his hand at singing"
one of two sides of an issue; "on the one hand..., but on the other hand..."
any projection that is thought to resemble a human arm; "the arm of the record player"; "an arm of the sea"; "a branch of the sewer" (同)branch, limb
the part of an armchair or sofa that supports the elbow and forearm of a seated person
supply with arms; "The U.S. armed the freedom fighters in Afghanistan"
a human limb; technically the part of the superior limb between the shoulder and the elbow but commonly used to refer to the whole superior limb
prepare oneself for a military confrontation; "The U.S. is girding for a conflict in the Middle East"; "troops are building up on the Iraqi border" (同)build_up, fortify, gird
the act of vibrating (同)quiver, quivering
a distinctive emotional aura experienced instinctively; "that place gave me bad vibrations"; "it gave me a nostalgic vibe" (同)vibe
having arms or arms as specified; used especially in combination; "the many-armed goddess Shiva"
(used of persons or the military) characterized by having or bearing arms; "armed robbery"
(used of plants and animals) furnished with bristles and thorns
a pattern of symptoms indicative of some disease
a complex of concurrent things; "every word has a syndrome of meanings"

PrepTutorEJDIC

『手』(手首から先の部分) / (時計・計器の)針 / 《単数形で》筆跡 / 側,方(side): / 《a~》(…への)援助,手助け《+with(at, to)+名》 / 職工,職人,人手 / 乗組員 / 《前に形容詞を置いて》(…するのが)(じょうずな・へたな)人(+『at』+『名』(『doing』)》 / 《単数形》技量,腕前;(…の)やり方,扱い方《+『at』(『with』)+名》 / 《単数形で》拍手かっさい / 《文》《one's~,the,》結婚の承諾;確約 / (カードの)持ち札;一勝負 / 《しばしば複数形で》所有,管理 / ハンド(馬の高さを測る単位;4インチ) / 《『hand』+『名』〈間〉+『名』〈直〉=『hand』+『名』+『to』+『名』》…‘に'…‘を'『手渡す』,取ってやる / 《副詞[句]を伴って》〈人〉‘に'手を貸す / 手の(に関する),手のための / 手で操作する / 手持ちの
(人・猿の)『腕』;(四つ足の動物の前肢の)腕(手首から肩までの間;手はhand) / 腕のような物;(特に)いすのひじ掛け,樹の大枝
〈C〉《通例複数形で》『武器』,『兵器』 / 〈C〉(特別な行動をする)部局,支部,支局 / (また『coat of arms』)〈C〉《通列複数形で》(国・会社・学校・家の)紋章 / (…で)…'を'『武装させる』《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / (必要・有用なもので)〈人〉'を'防備させる,堅固にする《+『名』〈人〉+『with』+『名』》 / (…に)武装して備える,武装する《+『for(『against』)+『名』》 / (…で)防備する,身を固める《+『with』+『名』》
〈U〉震え,振動 / 〈C〉〈U〉(物理学で)振動 / 〈C〉《複数形で》(またvibes)《話》(人・状況などから受ける)感じ,直感
武装した / (ある目的のために)用意した
(疾患の徴候となる一群の)症徴候,症候群 / (事件・社会的状態などのパターンを示す)徴候形態

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/04/30 10:34:57」(JST)

wiki en

Vibration white finger (VWF), also known as hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) or dead finger,^[1]) is a secondary form of Raynaud's syndrome, an industrial injury triggered by continuous use of vibrating hand-held machinery. Use of the term "vibration white finger" has generally been superseded in professional usage by broader concept of HAVS, although it is still used by the general public. The symptoms of vibrating white finger are the vascular component of HAVS.

HAVS is a widespread recognized industrial disease affecting tens of thousands of workers. It is a disorder that affects the blood vessels, nerves, muscles, and joints, of the hand, wrist, and arm. Its best known effect is vibration-induced white finger (VWF), a term introduced by the Industrial Injury Advisory Council in 1970. Injury can occur at frequencies between 5 and 2000 Hz but the greatest risk is between 50 and 150 Hz.

Effects

Excessive exposure to hand arm vibrations can result in various patterns of diseases casually known as HAVS or VWF. This can affect nerves, joints, muscles, blood vessels or connective tissues of the hand and forearm:

Tingling 'whiteness' or numbness in the fingers (blood vessels and nerves affected): This may not be noticeable at the end of a working day, and in mild cases may affect only the tips of the fingers. As the condition becomes more severe, the whole finger down to the knuckles may become white. Feeling may also be lost.
Fingers change colour (blood vessels affected): With continued exposure the person may suffer periodic attacks in which the fingers change colour when exposed to the cold. Initially the fingers rapidly become pale and feeling is lost. This phase is followed by an intense red flush (sometimes preceded by a dusky bluish phase) signalling the return of blood circulation to the fingers and is usually accompanied by uncomfortable throbbing.
Loss of manual dexterity (nerves and muscles affected): In more severe forms, attacks may occur frequently in cold weather, not only at work, but during leisure activities, such as gardening, car washing or even watching outdoor sports and may last up to an hour causing considerable pain and loss of manual dexterity and reduced grip strength.

In extreme cases, the sufferer may lose fingers. The effects are cumulative. When symptoms first appear, they may disappear after a short time. If exposure to vibration continues over months or years, the symptoms can worsen and become permanent.^[2]

History

The symptoms were first described by Professor Giovanni Loriga in Italy in 1911, although the link was not made between the symptoms and vibrating hand tools until a study undertaken by Alice Hamilton MD in 1918. She formed her theory through following the symptoms reported by quarry cutters and carvers in Bedford, Indiana. She also discovered the link between an increase in HAV symptoms and cold weather as 1918 was a particularly harsh winter.

The first scale for assessing the condition, the Taylor-Pelmear scale, was published in 1975, but it was not listed as a prescribed disease in the United Kingdom until 1985, and the Stockholm scale was introduced in 1987. In 1997, the UK High Court awarded £127,000 in compensation to seven coal miners for vibration white finger. A UK government fund set up to cover subsequent claims by ex-coalminers had exceeded £100 million in payments by 2004.

Prevention

The Control of Vibration at Work Regulations 2005, created under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974.^[3] is the legislation in the UK that governs exposure to vibration and assists with preventing HAVS occurring.

Good practice in industrial health and safety management requires that worker vibration exposure is assessed in terms of acceleration amplitude and duration. Using a tool that vibrates slightly for a long time can be as damaging as using a heavily vibrating tool for a short time. The duration of use of the tool is measured as trigger time, the period when the worker actually has their finger on the trigger to make the tool run, and is typically quoted in hours per day. Vibration amplitude is quoted in metres per second squared, and is measured by an accelerometer on the tool or given by the manufacturer. Amplitudes can vary significantly with tool design, condition and style of use, even for the same type of tool.

In the UK, Health and Safety Executive gives the example of a hammer drill which can vary from 6 m/s² to 25 m/s². HSE publishes a list of typically observed vibration levels for various tools, and graphs of how long each day a worker can be exposed to particular vibration levels. This makes managing the risk relatively straightforward. Tools are given an Exposure Action Value (EAV, the time which a tool can be used before action needs to be taken to reduce vibration exposure) and an Exposure Limit Value (ELV, the time after which a tool may not be used).

In the United States, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health published a similar database where values for sound power and vibrations for commonly found tools from large commercial vendors in the United States were surveyed. Further testing is underway for more and newer tools.

The effect of legislation in various countries on worker vibration limits has been to oblige equipment providers to develop better-designed, better-maintained tools, and for employers to train workers appropriately. It also drives tool designers to innovate to reduce vibration. Some examples are the easily manipulated mechanical arm (EMMA)^[4] and the suspension mechanism designed into chainsaws.

Reactive monitoring

A simpler system, known as re-active monitoring, may be used by, for example, monitoring rates of usage of consumable items. Such a system was introduced by Carl West at a fabrication workshop in Rotherham, England. In this system, the vibration levels of the angle grinding tools in use was measured, as was the average life of a grinding disk. Thus by recording numbers of grinding disks used, vibration exposure may be calculated.^[5]

References

^ Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0.
^ "Vibration White Finger".
^ The Control of Vibration at Work Regulations 2005
^ http://www.boeing.com/news/frontiers/archive/2005/february/i_ca3.html
^ "Monitoring exposure to Hand-Arm Vibration". Hse.gov.uk. 2010-08-19. Retrieved 2012-05-25.

External links

BBC News article on coal miners claims
Trades Union Congress - basic facts
UK Health and Safety Executive
NIOSH Power Tools Sound Power and Vibrations Database
HSE webpage HAV case studies

UpToDate Contents

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3. 動脈瘤性くも膜下出血の治療 treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
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English Journal

The compensation experience of hand-arm vibration syndrome in British Columbia.

Youakim S.SourceDepartment of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Occupational medicine (Oxford, England).Occup Med (Lond).2012 Jun 1. [Epub ahead of print]
Background Hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) is a relatively common occupational disease, especially in certain industrial sectors. Affected workers in many jurisdictions are eligible for compensation, but little is known about the behaviour and characteristics of workers seeking compensation for H
PMID 22661604

The characteristics of vibrotactile perception threshold among shipyard workers in a tropical environment.

Tamrin SB, Jamalohdin MN, Ng YG, Maeda S, Ali NA.SourceDepartment of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Malaysia. shamsul@medic.upm.edu.my
Industrial health.Ind Health.2012;50(2):156-63. Epub 2012 Feb 1.
The objectives of this study are to determine the prevalence of hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) and the characteristics of the vibrotactile perception threshold (VPT) among users of hand-held vibrating tools working in a tropical environment. A cross sectional study was done among 47 shipyard wor
PMID 22293728

Japanese Journal

A Cross Sectional Study on Hand-arm Vibration Syndrome among a Group of Tree Fellers in a Tropical Environment

SU Anselm Ting,MAEDA Setsuo,FUKUMOTO Jin [他]
Industrial health 52(4), 367-376, 2014-07
NAID 40020161438

Analysis of Long-term Stored Plasma Samples for Investigation into the Pathophysiology of Vibration-induced White Finger: Preliminary Results

KAWANO Yoshinao,MAHBUB Hossain Md.,HASE Ryosuke,SAKAMOTO Tatsuo,HARADA Noriaki
Industrial Health, 2014
… Blood samples were collected 25 yr ago from hand-arm vibration syndrome patients with vibration-induced white finger or VWF (VWF+ group) and without it (VWF- group), and healthy controls (n=12 in each group), and stored at −80°C. …
NAID 130004687755

A Cross Sectional Study on Hand-arm Vibration Syndrome among a Group of Tree Fellers in a Tropical Environment

SU Anselm Ting,MAEDA Setsuo,FUKUMOTO Jin,MIYAI Nobuyuki,ISAHAK Marzuki,YOSHIOKA Atsushi,NAKAJIMA Ryuichi,BULGIBA Awang,MIYASHITA Kazuhisa
Industrial Health 52(4), 367-376, 2014
… This study aimed to explore the clinical characteristics of hand arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) in a group of tree fellers in a tropical environment. … We examined all tree fellers and selected control subjects in a logging camp of central Sarawak for vibration exposure and presence of HAVS symptoms utilizing vibrotactile perception threshold test (VPT) and cold water provocation test (CWP). …
NAID 130004687750