関: Chloroflexi、green nonsulfur bacteria

WordNet

turn or become green; "The trees are greening"
green color or pigment; resembling the color of growing grass (同)greenness, viridity
an area of closely cropped grass surrounding the hole on a golf course; "the ball rolled across the green and into the bunker" (同)putting_green, putting surface
of the color between blue and yellow in the color spectrum; similar to the color of fresh grass; "a green tree"; "green fields"; "green paint" (同)greenish, light-green, dark-green
not fully developed or mature; not ripe; "unripe fruit"; "fried green tomatoes"; "green wood" (同)unripe, unripened, immature
concerned with or supporting or in conformity with the political principles of the Green Party
looking pale and unhealthy; "youre looking green"; "green around the gills"
used to express refusal or denial or disagreement etc or especially to emphasize a negative statement; "no, you are wrong"
a negative; "his no was loud and clear"
referring to the degree to which a certain quality is present; "he was no heavier than a child" (同)no more
not in any degree or manner; not at all; "he is no better today"
quantifier; used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns for indicating a complete or almost complete lack or zero quantity of; "we have no bananas"; "no eggs left and no money to buy any"; "have you no decency?"; "did it with no help"; "Ill get you there in no time"
United States labor leader who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1924 to 1952 and who led the struggle with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (1873-1952) (同)William Green
a river that rises in western Wyoming and flows southward through Utah to become a tributary of the Colorado River (同)Green River
an environmentalist who belongs to the Green Party
(microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission; important as pathogens and for biochemical properties; taxonomy is difficult; often considered to be plants (同)bacterium
an abundant tasteless odorless multivalent nonmetallic element; best known in yellow crystals; occurs in many sulphide and sulphate minerals and even in native form (especially in volcanic regions) (同)S, sulphur, atomic number 16

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『緑の,緑色の』,青々とした / (季節が)新緑の;(木々の緑が残って)温暖な / (果物が)うれていない;(酒・チーズなどが)熟成していない / 未経験の / (食物・木材・皮などが)生の;調理して(乾燥して,なめして)ない / 青野菜の;青草の / 活気のある,元気な;若い / (記億などが)生々しい / 〈U〉『緑色』;緑色の服[地];〈C〉緑色の絵の具 / 〈C〉草地,緑地,芝;(町・村の)芝の生えた共有地 / 〈C〉《複数形で》《米》装飾用の緑葉(緑枝);野菜,青物 / 〈C〉(ゴルフの)グリーン(芝を短く刈ったパット区域)
《名詞の前に置いて》『一つも』(『一人も,少しも』)・・・『ない』 / 《補語につけて》『決して・・・でない』 / 《省略文で》・・・なし;・・・お断り / 《話》少ししか(あまり)・・・ない / (肯定の問いに対して)『いいえ』;(否定の問いに対して)はい,ええ / 《not, norの前に挿入して》『いや』,否 / 《形容詞の前に置その形容詞を否定して》…どころではない / 《比較級の前に置いて》ちっとも…でない,…と全く同じ / 《… or no の形で》…であってもなくても / 《驚き・困惑・不信などを表して》とんでもない / 《単数形で》『拒否』,「『いいえ』」という返事 / 《複数形で》反対[投]票
『バクテリア』,細菌

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/09 09:54:59」(JST)

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Chloroflexi is one of six classes of bacteria in the phylum Chloroflexi, known as filamentous green non-sulfur bacteria. They produce energy from light and are named for their green pigment, usually found in photosynthetic bodies called chlorosomes.

Chloroflexi are typically filamentous, and can move about through bacterial gliding. They are facultatively aerobic, but do not produce oxygen in the process of producing energy from light, or phototrophy. Additionally Chloroflexi have a different method of phototrophy (photoheterotrophy) than true photosynthetic bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that they had a separate origin.^{[clarification needed]}

Whereas most Bacteria, in terms of diversity, are diderms and stain Gram negative with the exception of the Firmicutes (low GC Gram positives), Actinobacteria (high GC gram positives) and the Deinococcus-Thermus group (Gram positive, but diderms with thick peptidoglycan), the members of the phylum Chloroflexi are monoderms and stain mostly Gram negative.^[1]

Genomics

Comparative genomic analysis has recently refined the taxonomy of the class Chloroflexi, dividing the Chloroflexales into the suborder Chloroflexineae consisting of the family Oscillachloridaceae and the family Chloroflexaceae, and the suborder Roseiflexineae containing family Roseiflexaceae.^[2] The revised taxonomy was based on the identification of a number of conserved signature indels (CSIs) which serve as highly reliable molecular markers of shared ancestry.^[3]^[4]^[5] Comparative analyses of Chloroflexi genomes have identified 5 CSIs in different important proteins, such as GroES and Tryptophan synthase, that are uniquely shared by all sequenced species/strains of the Chloroflexi class, but are not found in any other bacteria.^[2] Another 9 CSIs have been identified in a number of proteins, including important photosynthesis related proteins such as Magnesium chelatase, that are specific for all or most of the species from the order Chloroflexales.^[2] Within the Chloroflexales, 3 CSIs specific for Chloroflexaceae, 4 CSIs specific for Roseiflexaceae, and 7 CSIs specific for the suborder Chloroflexineae, which consists of Chloroflexaceae and Oscillochloridaceae have also been identified in various proteins.^[2] Two of the CSIs uniquely found in the Chloroflexaceae family, a 4 aa insert in the protein pyruvate flavodoxin/ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) and a 2 aa insert in the protein magnesium-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester cyclase (ACSF), are located in proteins which play important roles in photosynthesis and are only found in photosynthetic organisms.^[2]^[6]

Taxonomy

The currently accepted taxonomy is as follows:^[2]^[7]

Order Chloroflexales
- Suborder Chloroflexineae
  - Family Chloroflexaceae Trüper 1976 emend. Gupta et al. 2012
    - Genus Chloroflexus Pierson and Castenholz 1974
      - C. aggregans Hanada et al. 1995
      - C. aurantiacus Pierson and Castenholz 1974
  - Family Oscillochloridaceae Keppen 2000 emend. Gupta et al. 2012
    - Genus Oscillochloris Gorlenko and Pivovarova 1989 emend. Keppen et al. 2000
      - O. chrysea Gorlenko and Pivovarova 1989
      - O. trichoides (ex Szafer) Gorlenko and Korotkov1989 emend. Keppen et al. 2000
    - Genus Chloronema Dubinina and Gorlenko 1975
      - Chloronema giganteum Dubinina and Gorlenko 1975
- Suborder Roseiflexineae
  - Family Roseiflexaceae Gupta et al. 2012
    - Genus Roseiflexus Hanada et al. 2002
      - Roseiflexus castenholzii Hanada et al. 2002
    - Genus Heliothrix Pierson et al. 1986
      - Heliothrix oregonensis Pierson et al. 1986
Order "Herpetosiphonales"
- Family "Herpetosiphonaceae"
  - Genus Herpetosiphon Holt and Lewin 1968
    - H. aurantiacus Holt and Lewin 1968
    - H. geysericola (Copeland 1936) Lewin 1970

Additionally, there are "Kouleothrix aurantiaca" and "Dehalobium chlorocoercia" which have not been fully described.

Etymology

The name "Chloroflexi" is a Neolatin nominative case masculine plural of "Chloroflexus", which the name of the first genus described. The noun is a combination of the Greek adjective chloros, -a, on (χλωρός, -ά, -όν)^[8] meaning "greenish-yellow" and the Latin masculine passive perfect participle flexus (of flecto)^[9] meaning "bent" to mean "a green bending".^[10] It should be therefore noted that the etymology is not due to chlorine, an element (dephlogisticated muriatic acid air) which was confirmed as such in 1810 by Sir Humphry Davy and named after its pale green colour.

References

^ Sutcliffe, I. C. (2010). "A phylum level perspective on bacterial cell envelope architecture". Trends in Microbiology 18 (10): 464–470. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2010.06.005. PMID 20637628. edit
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Gupta, R. S.; Chander, P.; George, S. (2012). "Phylogenetic framework and molecular signatures for the class Chloroflexi and its different clades; proposal for division of the class Chloroflexi class. Nov. Into the suborder Chloroflexineae subord. Nov., consisting of the emended family Oscillochloridaceae and the family Chloroflexaceae fam. Nov., and the suborder Roseiflexineae subord. Nov., containing the family Roseiflexaceae fam. Nov". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 103 (1): 99–119. doi:10.1007/s10482-012-9790-3. PMID 22903492. edit
^ Gupta, R. S. (1998). "Protein phylogenies and signature sequences: A reappraisal of evolutionary relationships among archaebacteria, eubacteria, and eukaryotes". Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR 62 (4): 1435–1491. PMC 98952. PMID 9841678. edit
^ Rokas, A.; Holland, P. W. (2000). "Rare genomic changes as a tool for phylogenetics". Trends in ecology & evolution 15 (11): 454–459. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(00)01967-4. PMID 11050348. edit
^ Gupta, R. S.; Griffiths, E. (2002). "Critical issues in bacterial phylogeny". Theoretical population biology 61 (4): 423–434. doi:10.1006/tpbi.2002.1589. PMID 12167362. edit
^ Stolz, F. M.; Hansmann, I. (1990). "An MspI RFLP detected by probe pFMS76 D20S23 isolated from a flow-sorted chromosome 20-specific DNA library". Nucleic acids research 18 (7): 1929. doi:10.1093/nar/18.7.1929. PMC 330654. PMID 1692410. edit
^ Classification of Chloroflexi entry in LPSN [Euzéby, J.P. (1997). "List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature: a folder available on the Internet". Int J Syst Bacteriol 47 (2): 590–2. doi:10.1099/00207713-47-2-590. ISSN 0020-7713. PMID 9103655. ]
^ χλωρός. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
^ Lewis, Charlton T. and Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1879. Online version at Perseus
^ Don J. Brenner; Noel R. Krieg; James T. Staley (July 26, 2005) [1984(Williams & Wilkins)]. George M. Garrity, ed. Introductory Essays. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology 2A (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-387-24143-2. British Library no. GBA561951.

External links

PubMed references for Chloroflexi
PubMed Central references for Chloroflexi
Google Scholar references for Chloroflexi

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