WordNet

hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and placenta; stimulates the gonads and controls reproductive activity (同)gonadotrophin, gonadotropic_hormone, gonadotrophic hormone

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/25 19:15:14」(JST)

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Gonadotropins are glycoprotein polypeptide hormones secreted by gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary of vertebrates.^[1]^[2]^[3] This family includes the mammalian hormones follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and placental/chorionic gonadotropins human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG),^[4] as well as at least two forms of fish gonadotropins. These hormones are central to the complex endocrine system that regulates normal growth, sexual development, and reproductive function.^[5] LH and FSH are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, while hCG and eCG are secreted by the placenta in pregnant humans and mares, respectively.^[6] The gonadotropins act on the gonads, controlling gamete and sex hormone production.

Gonadotropin is sometimes abbreviated Gn. The alternative spelling gonadotrophin which inaccurately implies a nourishing mechanism^[7] is still sporadically used.

Natural types and subunit structure

The two principal gonadotropins in vertebrates are luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), although primates produce a third gonadotropin called chorionic gonadotropin (CG). LH and FSH are heterodimers consisting of two peptide chains, an alpha chain and a beta chain. LH and FSH share nearly identical alpha chains (about 100 amino acids long), whereas the beta chain provides specificity for receptor interactions. These subunits are heavily modified by glycosylation.

The alpha subunit is common to each protein dimer (well conserved within species, but differing between them^[5]), and a unique beta subunit, which confers biological specificity.^[4] The alpha chains are highly conserved proteins of about 100 amino acid residues which contain ten conserved cysteines all involved in disulfide bonds,^[8] as shown in the following schematic representation.

                       +---------------------------+
           +----------+|             +-------------|--+
           |          ||             |             |  |
       xxxxCxCxxxxxxCxCCxxxxxxxxxxxxxCCxxxxxxxxxxCxCxxCx
             |      |                 |          |
             +------|-----------------+          |
                    |                            |
                    +----------------------------+

'C': conserved cysteine involved in a disulphide bond.

Intracellular levels of free alpha subunits are greater than those of the mature glycoprotein, implying that hormone assembly is limited by the appearance of the specific beta subunits, and hence that synthesis of alpha and beta is independently regulated.^[4]

Another human gonadotropin is human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), produced by the placenta during pregnancy.

Mechanism

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Gonadotropin receptors are embedded in the surface of the target cell membranes and coupled to the G-protein system. Signals triggered by binding to the receptor are relayed within the cells by the cyclic AMP second messenger system.

Gonadotropins are released under the control of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the arcuate nucleus and preoptic area of the hypothalamus. The gonads — testes and ovaries — are the primary target organs for LH and FSH. The gonadotropins affect multiple cell types and elicit multiple responses from the target organs. As a simplified generalization, LH stimulates the Leydig cells of the testes and the theca cells of the ovaries to produce testosterone (and indirectly estradiol), whereas FSH stimulates the spermatogenic tissue of the testes and the granulosa cells of ovarian follicles, as well as stimulating production of estrogen by the ovaries.

Although gonadotropins are secreted in a pulsatile manner (as a result of pulsatile GnRH release), unlike the case of GnRH and GnRH agonists, constant/non-pulsatile activation of the gonadotropin receptors by the gonadotropins does not produce functional inhibition. This can be seen during the first 7–10 weeks of pregnancy, where constantly high and progressively-increasing levels of hCG circulate and mediate production of estrogen and progesterone by the corpus luteum until the placenta takes over the production of these hormones.^[9]

Diseases

Gonadotropin deficiency due to pituitary disease results in hypogonadism, which can lead to infertility. Treatment includes administered gonadotropins, which, therefore, work as fertility medication. Such can either be produced by extraction and purification from urine or be produced by recombinant DNA.

Failure or loss of the gonads usually results in elevated levels of LH and FSH in the blood.

LH insensitivity, which results in Leydig cell hypoplasia in males, and FSH insensitivity, are conditions of insensitivity to LH and FSH, respectively, caused by loss-of-function mutations in their respective signaling receptors. Another closely related condition to these is GnRH insensitivity.

Pharmaceutical preparations

There are various preparations of gonadotropins for therapeutic use, mainly as fertility medication. For example, the so-called menotropins (also called human menopausal gonadotropins) consist of LH and FSH extracted from the urine of menopausal women.^[10] There are also recombinant variants.

References

^ Parhar, Ishwar S. (2002). Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone: Molecules and Receptors. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 0-444-50979-8.
^ Pierce JG, Parsons TF (1981). "Glycoprotein hormones: structure and function". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 50: 465–495. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.50.070181.002341. PMID 6267989.
^ Stockell Hartree A, Renwick AG (1992). "Molecular structures of glycoprotein hormones and functions of their carbohydrate components". Biochem. J. 287 (Pt 3): 665–679. PMC 1133060. PMID 1445230.
^ ^a ^b ^c Goodwin RG, Moncman CL, Rottman FM, Nilson JH (1983). "Characterization and nucleotide sequence of the gene for the common alpha subunit of the bovine pituitary glycoprotein hormones". Nucleic Acids Res. 11 (19): 6873–6882. doi:10.1093/nar/11.19.6873. PMC 326420. PMID 6314263.
^ ^a ^b Godine JE, Chin WW, Habener JF (1982). "alpha Subunit of rat pituitary glycoprotein hormones. Primary structure of the precursor determined from the nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNAs". J. Biol. Chem. 257 (14): 8368–8371. PMID 6177696.
^ Golos TG, Durning M, Fisher JM (1991). "Molecular cloning of the rhesus glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit gene". DNA Cell Biol. 10 (5): 367–380. doi:10.1089/dna.1991.10.367. PMID 1713773.
^ Stewart, J.; Li, C. H. (1962-08-03). "On the use of -tropin or -trophin in connection with anterior pituitary hormones". Science (New York, N.Y.) 137 (3527): 336–337. doi:10.1126/science.137.3527.336. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 13917136.
^ Isaacs NW, Lapthorn AJ, Harris DC, Littlejohn A, Lustbader JW, Canfield RE, Machin KJ, Morgan FJ (1994). "Crystal structure of human chorionic gonadotropin". Nature 369 (6480): 455–461. doi:10.1038/369455a0. PMID 8202136.
^ Laurence A. Cole (21 September 2010). Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG). Elsevier. pp. 205–. ISBN 978-0-12-384908-3.
^ Menotropins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

External links

Gonadotropins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
10th International Symposium on GnRH

UpToDate Contents

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1. 性腺刺激ホルモン（ゴナドトロピン）放出ホルモンの生理学 physiology of gonadotropin releasing hormone
2. 排卵誘発の概要 overview of ovulation induction
3. Isolated gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency (idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism)
4. 女性の不妊症の治療の概要 overview of treatment of female infertility
5. 思春期早発症の定義、原因、および評価 definition etiology and evaluation of precocious puberty

English Journal

Impact of single-dose nandrolone decanoate on gonadotropins, blood lipids and HMG CoA reductase in healthy men.

Gårevik N1, Börjesson A1, Choong E1, Ekström L1, Lehtihet M2.
Andrologia.Andrologia.2016 Jun;48(5):595-600. doi: 10.1111/and.12488. Epub 2015 Sep 15.
The aim was to study the effect and time profile of a single dose of nandrolone decanoate (ND) on gonadotropins, blood lipids and HMG CoA reductase [3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR)] in healthy men. Eleven healthy male participants aged 29-46 years were given a single dose of 150
PMID 26370185

The neuroendocrine genesis of polycystic ovary syndrome: A role for arcuate nucleus GABA neurons.

Moore AM1, Campbell RE2.
The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology.J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.2016 Jun;160:106-17. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.10.002. Epub 2015 Oct 9.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent and distressing endocrine disorder lacking a clearly identified aetiology. Despite its name, PCOS may result from impaired neuronal circuits in the brain that regulate steroid hormone feedback to the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis. Ovarian function
PMID 26455490

Variable duration of reproductive suppression in male coyotes (Canis latrans) treated with a high dose of the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist deslorelin.

MacGregor MJ, Asa CS, Skinner DC.
Reproduction, fertility, and development.Reprod Fertil Dev.2016 May 10. doi: 10.1071/RD15253. [Epub ahead of print]
Effective and humane management strategies for coyotes (Canis latrans) remain elusive. We hypothesised that exposure to a high dose of a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist would cause prolonged suppression of the reproductive axis. Two groups of male coyotes were administered 47 mg deslo
PMID 27161891

Japanese Journal

座長レビュー(シンポジウム1(生殖) 卵巣のダイナミックな変化の神秘に迫る-臨床へのフィードバックを目指して-,第67回日本産科婦人科学会学術講演会講演要旨)

日本産科婦人科學會雜誌 67(10), 2137-2140, 2015-10-01
NAID 110009989070

Reproductive Dysfunction in Cultured Sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) (The 41st Scientific Symposium of the UJNR Aquaculture Panel : Advanced Aquaculture Technologies)

水産総合研究センター研究報告 (40), 111-119, 2015-03
NAID 40020464236

The fatty acid binding protein 6 gene (<i>Fabp6</i>) is expressed in murine granulosa cells and is involved in ovulatory response to superstimulation

Journal of Reproduction and Development 61(3), 237-240, 2015
NAID 130005077736

Related Pictures

Frontiers | Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone action in the brain and pituitary Gonadotropin Hormones 25+ best ideas about Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone on Pinterest | Anterior pituitary Gonadotropins, Pituitary Gonadotropin, gonadotropin deficiency & human chorionic gonadotropin function HORMONES AND RELATED DRUGS - ppt video online download luteinizing hormone – Beyond the Dish Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropins

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「性腺刺激ホルモン」
関連記事	「gonadotropin」

「性腺刺激ホルモン」

Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum	structure summary

Glycoprotein hormone
Identifiers
Symbol	Hormone_6
Pfam	PF00236
InterPro	IPR000476
PROSITE	PDOC00623
SCOP	1hcn
SUPERFAMILY	1hcn
OPM protein	1fl7
Available protein structures:
Pfam	structures
PDB	RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum	structure summary

　　[★]

英: gonadotropin, gonadotropins (Z), gonadotropic hormone GTH
同: ゴナドトロピン
関: FSH、LH。性腺刺激ホルモン放出ホルモン GnRH

概念

性腺(精巣や卵巣)の発育と内分泌機能に刺激作用をもつホルモンの総称。
下垂体前葉から卵胞刺激ホルモン(FSH)と黄体化ホルモン(LH)が分泌される。

男性

SP.904 SURO.294

FSH：Sertoli細胞に作用し、精細管における精原細胞の増殖分化に作用して精子の発育促進を行い、インヒビンやアクチビンの産生に関わる。
LH：Leydig細胞に作用し、テストステロンを産生する。

「gonadotropin」

　　[★] 性腺刺激ホルモン　

[1] Parhar, Ishwar S. (2002). Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone: Molecules and Receptors. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 0-444-50979-8.

[PUB00000033-2] Pierce JG, Parsons TF (1981). "Glycoprotein hormones: structure and function". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 50: 465–495. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.50.070181.002341. PMID 6267989.

[PUB00000517-3] Stockell Hartree A, Renwick AG (1992). "Molecular structures of glycoprotein hormones and functions of their carbohydrate components". Biochem. J. 287 (Pt 3): 665–679. PMC 1133060. PMID 1445230.

[PUB00004333-4] Goodwin RG, Moncman CL, Rottman FM, Nilson JH (1983). "Characterization and nucleotide sequence of the gene for the common alpha subunit of the bovine pituitary glycoprotein hormones". Nucleic Acids Res. 11 (19): 6873–6882. doi:10.1093/nar/11.19.6873. PMC 326420. PMID 6314263.

[PUB00002390-5] Godine JE, Chin WW, Habener JF (1982). "alpha Subunit of rat pituitary glycoprotein hormones. Primary structure of the precursor determined from the nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNAs". J. Biol. Chem. 257 (14): 8368–8371. PMID 6177696.

[PUB00001110-6] Golos TG, Durning M, Fisher JM (1991). "Molecular cloning of the rhesus glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit gene". DNA Cell Biol. 10 (5): 367–380. doi:10.1089/dna.1991.10.367. PMID 1713773.

[7] Stewart, J.; Li, C. H. (1962-08-03). "On the use of -tropin or -trophin in connection with anterior pituitary hormones". Science (New York, N.Y.) 137 (3527): 336–337. doi:10.1126/science.137.3527.336. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 13917136.

[PUB00004177-8] Isaacs NW, Lapthorn AJ, Harris DC, Littlejohn A, Lustbader JW, Canfield RE, Machin KJ, Morgan FJ (1994). "Crystal structure of human chorionic gonadotropin". Nature 369 (6480): 455–461. doi:10.1038/369455a0. PMID 8202136.

[Cole2010-9] Laurence A. Cole (21 September 2010). Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG). Elsevier. pp. 205–. ISBN 978-0-12-384908-3.

[10] Menotropins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

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案内

gonadotropins