WordNet

a salt of phosphoric acid (同)orthophosphate, inorganic_phosphate
carbonated drink with fruit syrup and a little phosphoric acid
a sweet crystalline aldehyde formed by the breakdown of sugars (同)glyceric aldehyde

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〈U〉リン酸塩 / 《複数形で》リン酸肥料

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/06/20 12:59:28」(JST)

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Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, also known as triose phosphate or 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde and abbreviated as G3P, GADP, GAP, TP, GALP or PGAL, is a chemical compound that occurs as an intermediate in several central metabolic pathways of all organisms. It is a phosphate ester of the 3-carbon sugar glyceraldehyde and has chemical formula C₃H₇O₆P.

The CAS number of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is 591-59-3 and that of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (one of the two optical isomers of the compound and the one most often occurring in living organisms) is 591-57-1.

An intermediate in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis[edit]

Formation[edit]

D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is formed from the following three compounds in reversible reactions:

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6BP), catalyzed by aldolase.

β-D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate	fructose-bisphosphate aldolase	D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate		dihydroxyacetone phosphate
			+




	fructose-bisphosphate aldolase

Compound C05378 at KEGG Pathway Database. Enzyme 4.1.2.13 at KEGG Pathway Database. Compound C00111 at KEGG Pathway Database. Compound C00118 at KEGG Pathway Database.

The numbering of the carbon atoms indicates the fate of the carbons according to their position in fructose 6-phosphate.

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), catalyzed by triose phosphate isomerase.

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate	triose phosphate isomerase	D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate





	triose phosphate isomerase

Compound C00111 at KEGG Pathway Database.Enzyme 5.3.1.1 at KEGG Pathway Database.Compound C00118 at KEGG Pathway Database.

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPG), catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

As a substrate[edit]

To produce 1,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate in glycolysis.

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate	glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase		D-glycerate 1,3-bisphosphate

	NAD⁺ + P_i	NADH + H⁺

	NAD⁺ + P_i	NADH + H⁺

Compound C00118 at KEGG Pathway Database. Enzyme 1.2.1.12 at KEGG Pathway Database. Reaction R01063 at KEGG Pathway Database. Compound C00236 at KEGG Pathway Database.

D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is also of some importance since this is how glycerol (as DHAP) enters the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. Furthermore, it is a participant in and a product of the pentose phosphate pathway.

Interactive pathway map[edit]

|Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. ^{[§ 1]}

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Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis edit

^ The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "GlycolysisGluconeogenesis_WP534".

An intermediate in photosynthesis[edit]

During plant photosynthesis, 2 molecules of glycerate 3-phosphate (GP; also known as 3-phosphoglycerate) are produced by the first step of the light-independent reactions when ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) and carbon dioxide are catalysed by the rubisco enzyme. The GP is converted to D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) using the energy in ATP and the reducing power of NADPH as part of the Calvin cycle. This returns ADP, phosphate ions Pi, and NADP+ to the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis for their continued function. RuBP is regenerated for the Calvin cycle to continue.

G3P is generally considered the prime end-product of photosynthesis and it can be used as an immediate food nutrient, combined and rearranged to form monosaccharide sugars, such as glucose, which can be transported to other cells, or packaged for storage as insoluble polysaccharides such as starch.

Balance sheet[edit]

6 CO₂ + 6 RuBP (+ energy from 12 ATP and 12 NADPH) →12 G3P (3-carbon)

10 G3P (+ energy from 6 ATP) → 6 RuBP (i.e. starting material regenerated)

2 G3P → glucose (6-carbon).

In tryptophan biosynthesis[edit]

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate occurs as a byproduct in the biosynthesis pathway of tryptophan, an essential amino acid that cannot be produced by the human body.

In thiamine biosynthesis[edit]

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate occurs as a reactant in the biosynthesis pathway of thiamine (Vitamin B₁), another substance that cannot be produced by the human body.

References[edit]

External links[edit]

D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and the reactions and pathways it participates in, from the KEGG PATHWAY Database
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and the reactions and pathways it participates in, from the KEGG PATHWAY Database

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. カルシウムおよびリン酸バランスの調節 regulation of calcium and phosphate balance
2. 高リン血症の原因および治療の概要 overview of the causes and treatment of hyperphosphatemia
3. グルコース-6-リン酸脱水素酵素欠損症の診断および治療 diagnosis and treatment of glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
4. 慢性腎疾患における高リン血症の治療 treatment of hyperphosphatemia in chronic kidney disease
5. 小児における溶血性貧血の概要 overview of hemolytic anemias in children

English Journal

Livin, a novel marker in lymphoma type distinction.

Tanhaei AP1, Ziaei A2, Mazrouei S3, Keyhanian K4, Salehi M5.
Annals of diagnostic pathology.Ann Diagn Pathol.2014 Jun;18(3):157-62. doi: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2014.02.008. Epub 2014 Feb 25.
Despite advances in immunohistochemical and molecular diagnostics, there are persistent difficulties in differentiating between several subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL). Considering high level of livin expression in hematologic malignancies, we aimed to exami
PMID 24767895

Effect of environmental conditions on various enzyme activities and triacylglycerol contents in cultures of the freshwater diatom, Asterionella formosa (Bacillariophyceae).

Mekhalfi M1, Amara S2, Robert S2, Carrière F2, Gontero B3.
Biochimie.Biochimie.2014 Jun;101:21-30. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.12.004. Epub 2013 Dec 17.
A detailed analysis of triacylglycerols (TAGs) contents, fatty acid patterns and key enzyme activities in the freshwater diatom Asterionella formosa was performed under various conditions, including nitrate, iron and silicon limitation (stress conditions), or bicarbonate and phytohormones supplement
PMID 24355202

A novel variant in the 3' UTR of human SCN1A gene from a patient with Dravet syndrome decreases mRNA stability mediated by GAPDH's binding.

Zeng T1, Dong ZF, Liu SJ, Wan RP, Tang LJ, Liu T, Zhao QH, Shi YW, Yi YH, Liao WP, Long YS.
Human genetics.Hum Genet.2014 Jun;133(6):801-11. doi: 10.1007/s00439-014-1422-8. Epub 2014 Jan 25.
Mutations in the SCN1A gene-encoding voltage-gated sodium channel α-I subunit (Nav1.1) cause various spectrum of epilepsies including Dravet syndrome (DS), a severe and intractable form. A large number of SCN1A mutations identified from the DS patients lead to the loss of function or truncation of
PMID 24464349

Japanese Journal

Myeloperoxidase刺激によるマクロファージのinterferon-γ産生機序 : GAPDHの役割

保健科学研究誌 (13), 25-31, 2016-03-31
NAID 120005826561

Effective mRNA Inhibition in PANC-1 Cells in Vitro Mediated via an mPEG–SeSe–PEI Delivery System

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 39(5), 680-688, 2016
NAID 130005149251

Effects of prebiotic oligosaccharides consumption on the growth and expression profile of cell surface-associated proteins of a potential probiotic <i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</i> FSMM15

Bioscience of Microbiota, Food and Health 35(1), 41-49, 2016
NAID 130005123745

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「解糖系」「フルクトース1,6-ビスリン酸」「ジヒドロキシアセトンリン酸」「グリセルアルデヒド3-リン酸」「GAP」
拡張検索	「NAD-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase」「chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase」
関連記事	「phosphate」「glyceraldehyde」

「解糖系」

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
	IUPAC name 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropyl dihydrogen phosphate
Identifiers
CAS number	591-59-3
PubChem	729
ChemSpider	709 , 393755 (L isomer), 388314 (D isomer)
KEGG	C00661
MeSH	Glyceraldehyde+3-Phosphate
ChEBI	CHEBI:17138
Jmol-3D images	Image 1
	SMILES C([C@H](C=O)O)OP(=O)(O)O ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C3H7O6P/c4-1-3(5)2-9-10(6,7)8/h1,3,5H,2H2,(H2,6,7,8) ; Key: LXJXRIRHZLFYRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N InChI=1/C3H7O6P/c4-1-3(5)2-9-10(6,7)8/h1,3,5H,2H2,(H2,6,7,8); Key: LXJXRIRHZLFYRP-UHFFFAOYAH ;
Properties
Molecular formula	C3H7O6P
Molar mass	170.058
	(verify) (what is: /?); Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
	Infobox references

　　[★]

英: glycolytic pathway
同: エムデン-マイヤーホフ経路 Embden-Meyerhof pathway
関: 解糖、TCA回路

CH(OH)-CH(OH)-C(OH)H-CH(OH)-C(CH2OH)H-O- グルコース (OHが↓↓↑↓↑)
CH(OH)-CH(OH)-C(OH)H-CH(OH)-C(CH2O-PO3)H-O- グルコース-6-リン酸 (OHが↓↓↑↓↑)
C(CH2OH)OH-C(OH)H-CH(OH)-C(CH2O-PO3)H-O- フルクトース-6-リン酸
C(CH2O-PO3)OH-C(OH)H-CH(OH)-C(CH2O-PO3)H-O- フルクトース-1,6-リン酸

glucose
↓-hexokinase/glucokinase(liver)
glucose 6-phosphate
↓-phosphohexose isomerase
fructose 6-phosphate
↓-phosphofructokinase
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
↓-aldolase
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
↓-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
↓-phosphoglycerate kinase →ATP
3-phosphoglycerate
↓-phosphoglyceate mutase
2-phosphoglycerate
↓-enolase
phosphoenolpyruvate
↓-pyruvate kinase → ATP
pyruvate
　－(pyruvate dehydrogenase)→acetyl-CoA
　－(pyruvate carboxylase)→oxaloacetate－(NADH+H+)→malate

解糖系の酵素 (first aid step1 2006 p.87, FASTEP1_87_酵素一覧.xls)

1	galactokinase	キナーゼ
2	galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase	転移酵素
3	hexokinase/glucokinase	キナーゼ
4	glucose-6-phosphatase	ホスファターゼ
5	glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	脱水素酵素
6	transketolase
7	phosphofructokinase	キナーゼ
8	fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase	ホスファターゼ
9	fructokinase	キナーゼ	フルクトキナーゼ
10	aldolase B		アルドラーゼ
11	pyruvate kinase	キナーゼ	ピルビン酸キナーゼ
12	pyruvate dehydrogenase	脱水素酵素	ピルビン酸デヒドロゲナーゼ
13	HMG-CoA reductase	還元酵素	HMG-CoA還元酵素
14	pyruvate carboxylase	カルボキシラーゼ	ピルビン酸カルボキシラーゼ
15	PEP carboxykinase	キナーゼ	PEPカルボキシキナーゼ
16	citrate synthase	合成酵素	クエン酸合成酵素
17	α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase	脱水素酵素	α-ケトグルタミン酸脱水素酵素
18	ornithine transcarbamylase	転移酵素	オルニチンカルバモイルトランスフェラーゼ