| Glucose-5-phosphatase. |
| Identifiers |
| EC number |
3.1.3.9 |
| CAS number |
9001-39-2 |
| Databases |
| IntEnz |
IntEnz view |
| BRENDA |
BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy |
NiceZyme view |
| KEGG |
KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc |
metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM |
profile |
| PDB structures |
RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology |
AmiGO / EGO |
| Search |
| PMC |
articles |
| PubMed |
articles |
| NCBI |
proteins |
|
Glucose 6-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.9, G6Pase) is an enzyme that hydrolyzes glucose-6-phosphate, resulting in the creation of a phosphate group and free glucose. Glucose is then exported from the cell via glucose transporter membrane proteins.[1] This catalysis completes the final step in gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis and therefore plays a key role in the homeostatic regulation of blood glucose levels.[2]
G6Pase is a complex of multiple component proteins, including transporters for G6P, glucose, and phosphate. The main phosphatase function is performed by the G6Pase catalytic subunit. In humans, there are three isozymes of the catalytic subunit: G6Pase-α, encoded by G6PC; IGRP, encoded by G6PC2; and G6Pase-β, encoded by G6PC3.[3]
G6Pase-α and G6Pase-β are both functional phosphohydrolases, and have similar active site structure, topology, mechanism of action, and kinetic properties with respect to G6P hydrolysis.[4] In contrast, IGRP has almost no hydrolase activity, and may play a different role in stimulating pancreatic insulin secretion.[5]
Vanadium containing chloroperoxidase enzyme with amino acid residues shown in color. Vanadium containing chloroperoxidase has a similar structure and active site as Glc 6-Pase.(From pdb 1IDQ)
Position of active site amino acid residues of vanadium containing chloroperoxidase shown in relation to enzyme surface.(From pdb 1IDQ)
The active site of vanadium containing chloroperoxidase. The residues Lys353, Arg360, Arg490, His404, and His496 correspond to Lys76, Arg83, Arg170, His119, and His176 in Glc 6-Pase. (From pdb 1IDQ)
Contents
- 1 Structure and function
- 2 Mechanism
- 3 Expression
- 4 Clinical significance
- 5 See also
- 6 Notes
- 7 References
- 8 External links
Structure and function
Although a clear consensus has not been reached, a large number of scientists adhere to a substrate-transport model to account for the catalytic properties of glucose-6-Pase. In this model, glucose 6-Pase has a low degree of selectivity. The transfer of the glucose 6-phosphate is carried out by a transporter protein (T1) and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contains structures allowing the exit of the phosphate group (T2) and glucose (T3).[6]
Glucose-6-Pase consists of 357 amino acids, and is anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by nine transmembrane helicies. Its N-terminal and active site are found on the lumen side of the ER and its C-terminus projects into the cytoplasm. Due to its tight association to the ER, the exact structure of glucose-6-Pase remains unknown. However, sequence alignment has shown that glucose-6-Pase is structurally similar to the active site of the vanadium-containing chloroperoxidase found in Curvularia inaequalis.[7]
Based on pH kinetic studies of Glc-6-Pase-α catalysis, it was proposed that the hydrolysis of Glucose-6-Phosphate was completed via a covalent phosphohistidine glucose-6-Phosphate intermediate. The active site of Glc-6-Pase-α was initially identified by the presence of a conserved phosphate signature motif usually found in lipid phosphatases, acid phosphatases, and vanadium haloperoxidases.[4]
Essential residues in the active site of vanadium haloperoxidases include: Lys353, Arg360, Arg490, His404, and His496. Corresponding residues in the active site of Glc-6-Pase-α include Arg170 and Arg83, which donate hydrogen ions to the phosphate, stabilizing the transition state, His119, which provides a proton to the dephosphorylated oxygen attached to glucose, and His176, which completes a nucleophilic attack on the phosphate to form a covalently bound phosphoryl enzyme intermediate.[1] Within the Vanadium-containing chloroperoxidase, Lys353 was found to stabilize the phosphate in the transition state. However, the corresponding residue in Glc-6-Pase-α (Lys76) resides within the ER membrane and its function, if any, is currently undetermined. With the exception of Lys76, these residues are all located on the luminal side of the ER membrane.[4]
Glc-6-Pase-β is a ubiquitously expressed, 346-amino acid membrane protein that shares 36% sequence identity with Glc-6-Pase-α. Within the Glc-6-Pase-β enzyme, sequence alignments predict that its active site contains His167, His114, and Arg79. Similar to that of the Glc-6-Pase-α active site, His167 is the residue that provides the nucleophilic attack, and His114, and Arg79 are the hydrogen donors. Glc-6-Pase-β is also localized in the ER membrane, although its orientation is unknown.[4]
Mechanism
The hydrolysis of Glc-6-P begins with a nucleophilic attack on the sugar-bound phosphate by His176 resulting in the formation of a phosphohistidine bond and the degradation of a carbonyl. A Negatively charged oxygen then transfers its electrons reforming a carbonyl and breaking its bond with glucose. The negatively charged glucose-bound oxygen is then protonated by His119 forming a free glucose. The phospho-intermediate produced by the reaction between His176 and the phosphate group is then broken by a hydrophilic attack; after the addition of another hydroxide and the decomposition of a carbonyl, the carbonyl is reformed kicking off the electrons originally donated by the His176 residue thereby creating a free phosphate group and completing the hydrolysis.[1]
Expression
Genes coding for the enzyme are primarily expressed in the liver, in the kidney cortex and (to a lesser extent) in the β-cells of the pancreatic islets and intestinal mucosa (especially during times of starvation).[6] According to Surholt and Newsholme, Glc 6-Pase is present in a wide variety of muscles across the animal kingdom, albeit at very low concentrations. [1]. Thus, the glycogen that muscles store is not usually available for the rest of the body's cells because glucose-6-phosphate cannot cross the sarcolemma unless it is dephosphorylated. The enzyme plays an important role during periods of fasting and when glucose levels are low. It has been shown that starvation and diabetes induces a 2-3-fold increase in Glc-6-Pase activity in the liver.[6] Glc 6-Pase activity also increases dramatically at birth when an organism becomes independent of the mothers source of glucose. The human Glc 6-Pase gene contains five exons spanning approximately 125.5 kb DNA located on chromosome 17q21.[8]
Clinical significance
Mutations of the Glucose-6-phosphatase system, to be specific the Glucose-6-phosphatase-α subunit (G6Pase- α), Glucose-6-transporter (G6PT), and Glucose-6-phosphatase-β (G6Pase- β or G6PC3) subunits lead to deficiencies in the maintenance of interprandial glucose homeostasis and neutrophil function and homeostasis.[9][10] Mutations in both G6Pase- α and G6PT lead to Glycogen Storage Disease Type -1 (GSD-1) called von Gierke's disease.[11] To be specific, mutations in the G6Pase- α lead to Glycogen Storage Disease Type-1a, which is characterized by accumulation of glycogen and fat in the liver and kidneys, resulting in hepatomegaly and renomegaly.[12] GSD-1a constitutes approximately 80% of GSD-1 cases that present clinically.[13] Absence of G6PT leads to GSD-1b (GSD-1b), which is characterized by the lack of a G6PT and represents 20% of the cases that present clinically.[13][14]
Breakdown of the various constituents of Glucose-6-Phosphatase System Deficiency
The specific cause of the GSD-1a stems from nonsense mutations, insertions/deletions with or without a shift in the reading frame, or splice site mutations that occur at the genetic level.[6] The missense mutations affect the two large luminal loops and transmembrane helices of G6Pase-α, abolishing or greatly reducing activity of the enzyme.[6] The specific cause of GSD-1b stems from "severe" mutations such as splice site mutations, frame-shifting mutations, and substitutions of a highly conserved residue that completely destroyed G6PT activity.[6] These mutations lead to the prevalence of GSD-1 by preventing the transport of Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) into the luminal portion of the ER and also inhibiting the conversion of G6P into glucose to be used by the cell.
The third type of Glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency, G6Pase- β deficiency, is characterized by a congenital neutropenia syndrome in which neutrophils exhibit enhanced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, increased apoptosis, impaired energy homeostasis, and impaired functionality.[15] It can also lead to cardiac and urogenital malformations.[16] This third class of deficiency is also affected by a G6PT deficiency as G6Pase- β also lies within the ER lumen and thus can lead to similar symptoms of G6Pase- β deficiency be associated with GSD-1b.[14] Furthermore, recent studies have elucidated this area of similarity between both deficiencies and have shown that aberrant glycosylation occurs in both deficiencies.[17] The neutrophil glycosylation has a profound effect on neutrophil activity and thus may also be classified as a congenital glycosylation disorder as well.[17]
The major function of G6Pase- β has been determined to provide recycled glucose to the cytoplasm of neutrophils in order maintain normal function. Disruption of the glucose to G6P ratio due to significant decrease intracellular glucose levels cause significant disruption of glycolysis and HMS.[10] Unless countered by uptake of extracellular glucose this deficiency leads to neutrophil dysfunction.[10]
See also
- Hexokinase
- G6PC
- G6PC2
- G6PC3
Notes
Molecular graphics images were produced using UCSF Chimera.[18]
References
- ^ a b c Ghosh A, Shieh JJ, Pan CJ, Sun MS, Chou JY (September 2002). "The catalytic center of glucose-6-phosphatase. HIS176 is the nucleophile forming the phosphohistidine-enzyme intermediate during catalysis". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (36): 32837–42. doi:10.1074/jbc.M201853200. PMID 12093795.
- ^ Nordlie R et al. (1985). The Enzymes of biological membranes, 2nd edition. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 349–398. ISBN 0-306-41453-8.
- ^ Hutton, JC; O'Brien, RM (Oct 23, 2009). "Glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit gene family.". J Biol Chem 284 (43): 29241–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.R109.025544. PMID 19700406.
- ^ a b c d Ghosh A, Shieh JJ, Pan CJ, Chou JY (March 2004). "Histidine 167 is the phosphate acceptor in glucose-6-phosphatase-beta forming a phosphohistidine enzyme intermediate during catalysis". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (13): 12479–83. doi:10.1074/jbc.M313271200. PMID 14718531.
- ^ Shieh, JJ; Pan, CJ; Mansfield, BC; Chou, JY (Sep 2005). "In islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase-related protein, the beta cell antigenic sequence that is targeted in diabetes is not responsible for the loss of phosphohydrolase activity.". Diabetologia 48 (9): 1851–9. doi:10.1007/s00125-005-1848-6. PMID 16012821.
- ^ a b c d e f van Schaftingen E, Gerin I (March 2002). "The glucose-6-phosphatase system". Biochem. J. 362 (Pt 3): 513–32. doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3620513. PMC 1222414. PMID 11879177.
- ^ Pan CJ, Lei KJ, Annabi B, Hemrika W, Chou JY (March 1998). "Transmembrane topology of glucose-6-phosphatase". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (11): 6144–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.11.6144. PMID 9497333.
- ^ Angaroni CJ, de Kremer RD, Argaraña CE et al. (November 2004). "Glycogen storage disease type Ia in Argentina: two novel glucose-6-phosphatase mutations affecting protein stability". Mol. Genet. Metab. 83 (3): 276–9. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2004.06.010. PMID 15542400.
- ^ Chou JY, Jun HS, Mansfield BC (December 2010). "Glycogen storage disease type I and G6Pase-β deficiency: etiology and therapy". Nature Reviews Endocrinology 6 (12): 676–88. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2010.189. PMID 20975743.
- ^ a b c Jun HS, Lee YM, Cheung YY et al. (October 2010). "Lack of glucose recycling between endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasm underlies cellular dysfunction in glucose-6-phosphatase-beta-deficient neutrophils in a congenital neutropenia syndrome". Blood 116 (15): 2783–92. doi:10.1182/blood-2009-12-258491. PMC 2974586. PMID 20498302.
- ^ Stryer, Lubert; Berg, Jeremy Mark; Tymoczko, John L. (2007). Biochemistry. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-8724-5.
- ^ Pagon RA, Bird TD, Dolan CR et al. PMID 20301489.
- ^ a b Chou JY, Matern D, Mansfield BC, Chen YT (March 2002). "Type I glycogen storage diseases: disorders of the glucose-6-phosphatase complex". Curr. Mol. Med. 2 (2): 121–43. doi:10.2174/1566524024605798. PMID 11949931.
- ^ a b Froissart R, Piraud M, Boudjemline AM et al. (2011). "Glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency". Orphanet J Rare Dis 6: 27. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-6-27. PMC 3118311. PMID 21599942.
- ^ Jun HS, Lee YM, Song KD, Mansfield BC, Chou JY (April 2011). "G-CSF improves murine G6PC3-deficient neutrophil function by modulating apoptosis and energy homeostasis". Blood 117 (14): 3881–92. doi:10.1182/blood-2010-08-302059. PMC 3083300. PMID 21292774.
- ^ Boztug K, Appaswamy G, Ashikov A et al. (January 2009). "A syndrome with congenital neutropenia and mutations in G6PC3". N. Engl. J. Med. 360 (1): 32–43. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0805051. PMC 2778311. PMID 19118303.
- ^ a b Hayee B, Antonopoulos A, Murphy EJ et al. (July 2011). "G6PC3 mutations are associated with a major defect of glycosylation: a novel mechanism for neutrophil dysfunction". Glycobiology 21 (7): 914–24. doi:10.1093/glycob/cwr023. PMC 3110488. PMID 21385794.
- ^ Pettersen EF, Goddard TD, Huang CC et al. (October 2004). "UCSF Chimera--a visualization system for exploratory research and analysis". J Comput Chem 25 (13): 1605–12. doi:10.1002/jcc.20084. PMID 15264254.
External links
- Glucose-6-Phosphatase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- G6PC, G6PC2, G6PC3, G6PR
- 2134179898 at GPnotebook
- EC 3.1.3.9
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Hydrolase: esterases (EC 3.1)
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| 3.1.1: Carboxylic ester hydrolases |
- Cholinesterase
- Acetylcholinesterase
- Butyrylcholinesterase
- Pectinesterase
- 6-phosphogluconolactonase
- PAF acetylhydrolase
- Lipase
- Bile salt-dependent
- Gastric/Lingual
- Pancreatic
- Lysosomal
- Hormone-sensitive
- Endothelial
- Hepatic
- Lipoprotein
- Monoacylglycerol
- Diacylglycerol
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| 3.1.2: Thioesterase |
- Palmitoyl protein thioesterase
- Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1
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| 3.1.3: Phosphatase |
- Alkaline phosphatase
- Acid phosphatase (Prostatic)/Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase/Purple acid phosphatases
- Nucleotidase
- Glucose 6-phosphatase
- Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase
- Phosphoprotein phosphatase
- OCRL
- Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase
- Fructose 6-P,2-kinase:fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase
- PTEN
- Phytase
- Inositol-phosphate phosphatase
- Phosphoprotein phosphatase: Protein tyrosine phosphatase
- Protein serine/threonine phosphatase
- Dual-specificity phosphatase
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| 3.1.4: Phosphodiesterase |
- Autotaxin
- Phospholipase
- Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase
- PDE1
- PDE2
- PDE3
- PDE4A/PDE4B
- PDE5
- Lecithinase (Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin)
- Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase
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| 3.1.6: Sulfatase |
- arylsulfatase
- Arylsulfatase A
- Arylsulfatase B
- Arylsulfatase E
- Steroid sulfatase
- Galactosamine-6 sulfatase
- Iduronate-2-sulfatase
- N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase
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Nuclease (includes
deoxyribonuclease and
ribonuclease) |
| 3.1.11-16: Exonuclease |
| Exodeoxyribonuclease |
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| Exoribonuclease |
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| 3.1.21-31: Endonuclease |
| Endodeoxyribonuclease |
- Deoxyribonuclease I
- Deoxyribonuclease II
- Deoxyribonuclease IV
- Restriction enzyme
- UvrABC endonuclease
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| Endoribonuclease |
- RNase III
- RNase H
- RNase P
- RNase A
- RNase T1
- RNA-induced silencing complex
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| either deoxy- or ribo- |
- Aspergillus nuclease S1
- Micrococcal nuclease
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- Biochemistry overview
- Enzymes overview
- By EC number: 1.1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 10
- 11
- 13
- 14
- 15-18
- 2.1
- 3.1
- 4.1
- 5.1
- 6.1-3
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Metabolism: carbohydrate metabolism: glycolysis/gluconeogenesis enzymes
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| Glycolysis |
- Hexokinase (HK1, HK2, HK3, Glucokinase)→/Glucose 6-phosphatase←
- Glucose isomerase
- Phosphofructokinase 1 (Liver, Muscle, Platelet)→/Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase←
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- Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (Aldolase A, B, C)
- Triosephosphate isomerase
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- Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- Phosphoglycerate kinase
- Phosphoglycerate mutase
- Enolase
- Pyruvate kinase (PKLR, PKM2)
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| Gluconeogenesis only |
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to oxaloacetate:
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- Pyruvate carboxylase
- Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
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from lactate (Cori cycle):
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from alanine (Alanine cycle):
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from glycerol:
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- Glycerol kinase
- Glycerol dehydrogenase
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| Regulatory |
- Fructose 6-P,2-kinase:fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase
- PFKFB1, PFKFB2, PFKFB3, PFKFB4
- Bisphosphoglycerate mutase
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Index of inborn errors of metabolism
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| Description |
- Metabolism
- Enzymes and pathways: citric acid cycle
- pentose phosphate
- glycoproteins
- glycosaminoglycans
- phospholipid
- cholesterol and steroid
- sphingolipids
- eicosanoids
- amino acid
- urea cycle
- nucleotide
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| Disorders |
- Citric acid cycle and electron transport chain
- Glycoprotein
- Proteoglycan
- Fatty-acid
- Phospholipid
- Cholesterol and steroid
- Eicosanoid
- Amino acid
- Purine-pyrimidine
- Heme metabolism
- Symptoms and signs
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| Treatment |
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