関: GLP-1

WordNet

want to have; "Id like a beer now!"
a kind of person; "Well not see his like again"; "I cant tolerate people of his ilk" (同)ilk
a similar kind; "dogs, foxes, and the like", "we dont want the likes of you around here" (同)the like, the likes of
equal in amount or value; "like amounts"; "equivalent amounts"; "the same amount"; "gave one six blows and the other a like number"; "the same number" (同)same
resembling or similar; having the same or some of the same characteristics; often used in combination; "suits of like design"; "a limited circle of like minds"; "members of the cat family have like dispositions"; "as like as two peas in a pod"; "doglike devotion"; "a dreamlike quality" (同)similar
be fond of; "I like my nephews"
feel about or towards; consider, evaluate, or regard; "How did you like the Presidents speech last night?"
find enjoyable or agreeable; "I like jogging"; "She likes to read Russian novels"
a feeling of pleasure and enjoyment; "Ive always had a liking for reading"; "she developed a liking for gin"
amide combining the amino group of one amino acid with the carboxyl group of another; usually obtained by partial hydrolysis of protein
a hormone secreted by the pancreas; stimulates increases in blood sugar levels in the blood (thus opposing the action of insulin)
found pleasant or attractive; often used as a combining form; "a well-liked teacher"

PrepTutorEJDIC

…‘を'『好む』,‘が'好きである / 《しばしば否定文で,またwould,《英》shouldと共に用いて》…‘を'望む,…したい / 『好む』;望む / 《複数形で》好み,好きな事
(外観・性質などが)…『に似た』,のような / (やり方,程度などが)…『と同じように』 / …『らしい』,にふさわいし / 《おもに話》たとえば…のような / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(性質・外観などが)同じの,(数量が)等しい / 《補語にのみ用いて》似ている,そっくりで / たぶん,おそらく(probably) / (…に)似た人(物),(…と)同等の人(物),匹敵する人(物)《+『of』+『名』》 / …のように / あたかも…のように
(…の)『好み』,趣味《+『for』(『to』)+『名』》

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/04/13 05:36:19」(JST)

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GLP-1 and Diabetes

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin derived from the transcription product of the proglucagon gene. The major source of GLP-1 in the body is the intestinal L cell that secretes GLP-1 as a gut hormone. The biologically active forms of GLP-1 are: GLP-1-(7-37) and GLP-1-(7-36)NH2. Those peptides result from selective cleavage of the proglucagon molecule.

GLP-1 secretion by ileal L cells is dependent on the presence of nutrients in the lumen of the small intestine. The secretagogues (agents that cause or stimulate secretion) of this hormone include major nutrients like carbohydrate, protein and lipid. Once in the circulation, GLP-1 has a half-life of less than 2 minutes, due to rapid degradation by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4. It is a potent antihyperglycemic hormone, inducing glucose-dependent stimulation of insulin secretion while suppressing glucagon secretion. Such glucose-dependent action is particularly attractive because, when the plasma glucose concentration is in the normal fasting range, GLP-1 no longer stimulates insulin to cause hypoglycemia. GLP-1 appears to restore the glucose sensitivity of pancreatic β-cells, with the mechanism possibly involving the increased expression of GLUT2 and glucokinase. GLP-1 is also known to inhibit pancreatic β-cell apoptosis and stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of insulin-secreting β-cells. In addition, GLP-1 inhibits gastric secretion and motility. This delays and protracts carbohydrate absorption and contributes to a satiating effect.

Physiological functions

GLP-1 possesses several physiological properties that make it (and its analogs) a subject of intensive investigation as a potential treatment of diabetes mellitus.^[1]^[2]^[3] The known physiological functions of GLP-1 include:

increases insulin secretion from the pancreas in a glucose-dependent manner.
decreases glucagon secretion from the pancreas by engagement of a specific G protein-coupled receptor.
increases insulin-sensitivity in both alpha cells and beta cells
increases beta cells mass and insulin gene expression, post-translational processing and incretion.
inhibits acid secretion and gastric emptying in the stomach.
decreases food intake by increasing satiety in brain.
promotes insulin sensitivity.

As evidence of the physiological role of GLP-1 in post-prandial insulin secretion, it has been shown that an oral dose of glucose triggers a much higher peak in plasma insulin concentration compared to an intravenous dose.

Obese patients undergoing gastric bypass showed marked metabolic adaptations, resulting in frequent diabetes remission 1 year later. When the confounding of calorie restriction is factored out, β-cell function improves rapidly, very possibly under the influence of enhanced GLP-1 responsiveness.^[4]

Outside of its function as an insulin secretagogue, GLP-1 seems also to play a role in bone physiology. Researchers at Universities of Angers and Ulster evidenced a massive reduction in bone strength in GLP-1 receptor knockout mice mainly due to a poor bone quality.^[5]

References

^ "Diabetes and Intestinal Incretin Hormones: A New Therapeutic Paradigm" at medscape.com (slide 36)
^ Toft-Nielsen M, Madsbad S, Holst J (2001). "Determinants of the effectiveness of glucagon-like peptide-1 in type 2 diabetes". J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 (8): 3853–60. doi:10.1210/jc.86.8.3853. PMID 11502823.
^ Meier J, Weyhe D, Michaely M, Senkal M, Zumtobel V, Nauck M, Holst J, Schmidt W, Gallwitz B (2004). "Intravenous glucagon-like peptide 1 normalizes blood glucose after major surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes". Crit Care Med 32 (3): 848–51. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000114811.60629.B5. PMID 15090972.
^ Nannipieri M, Guarino D, Camastra S, Moriconi D, Bellini R, Anselmino M, Ferrannini E (November 2013). "Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy: Mechanisms of Diabetes Remission and Role of Gut Hormones". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 98 (11): 4391–9. doi:10.1210/jc.2013-2538. PMID 24057293
^ Mabilleau G, Mieczkowska A, Irwin N, Flatt PR, Chappard D (2013). "Optimal bone mechanical and material properties require a functional GLP-1 receptor". J Endocrinol 219 (1): 59–68. doi:10.1530/JOE-13-0146. PMID 23911987.

External links

Banting and Best Diabetes Centre at UT glp1
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

American diabetes association:link-http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/56/1/8.full

UpToDate Contents

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1. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus
2. 2型糖尿病の治療に用いるジペプチジルペプチダーゼ4（DPP-4）阻害薬 dipeptidyl peptidase 4 dpp 4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus
3. 2型糖尿病における持続性高血糖のマネージメント management of persistent hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus
4. 2型糖尿病治療に用いるナトリウム-グルコース共輸送体2（SGLT2）阻害薬 sodium glucose co transporter 2 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus
5. Obesity in adults: Drug therapy

English Journal

Disrupted dynamics of F-actin and insulin granule fusion in INS-1 832/13 beta-cells exposed to glucotoxicity: partial restoration by glucagon-like peptide 1.

Quinault A1, Gausseres B1, Bailbe D1, Chebbah N1, Portha B1, Movassat J1, Tourrel-Cuzin C2.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2016 Aug;1862(8):1401-1411. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.04.007. Epub 2016 Apr 19.
Actin dynamics in pancreatic β-cells is involved in insulin exocytosis but the molecular mechanisms of this dynamics and its role in biphasic insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells is largely unknown. Moreover, the impact of a glucotoxic environment on the sub-cortical actin network dynamics is p
PMID 27101990

Obesity alters molecular and functional cardiac responses to ischemia/reperfusion and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonism.

Sassoon DJ1, Goodwill AG1, Noblet JN1, Conteh AM1, Herring BP1, McClintick JN2, Tune JD1, Mather KJ3.
Basic research in cardiology.Basic Res Cardiol.2016 Jul;111(4):43. Epub 2016 May 27.
This study tested the hypothesis that obesity alters the cardiac response to ischemia/reperfusion and/or glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor activation, and that these differences are associated with alterations in the obese cardiac proteome and microRNA (miRNA) transcriptome. Ossabaw swine wer
PMID 27234258

Passiflora edulis peel intake improves insulin sensitivity, increasing incretins and hypothalamic satietogenic neuropeptide in rats on a high-fat diet.

Lima GC1, Vuolo MM1, Batista ÂG1, Dragano NR2, Solon C2, Maróstica Junior MR3.
Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.).Nutrition.2016 Jul-Aug;32(7-8):863-70. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.01.014. Epub 2016 Jan 30.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of Passiflora edulis peel flour (PEPF) intake on hypothalamic neuropeptides messenger RNA expression, insulin sensitivity, and other metabolic parameters in Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high-fat (HF) diet.METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were divided in
PMID 27138107

Japanese Journal

A Human Glucagon-Like Peptide-1-albumin Recombinant Protein with Prolonged Hypoglycemic Effect Provides Efficient and Beneficial Control of Glucose Metabolism in Diabetic Mice