WordNet
- the luminous larva or wingless grub-like female of a firefly
PrepTutorEJDIC
- ツチボタル(雌は羽がなく尾の先から微光を放つ)
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2014/10/01 04:36:38」(JST)
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Contents
- 1 Classification
- 2 Glow
- 3 Habitat locations
- 4 See also
- 5 References
- 6 External links
Classification
Order: Coleoptera (Beetles)
Major families are:
- Lampyridae (fireflies), found around the world. The wingless adult female is the glowworm of literature, especially Lampyris noctiluca (the "Glow-worm" proper of British English) found in most of Europe. In this species the male flies but does not glow. A glow worm looks like a female firefly without wings. In some areas, a Firefly can also refer to members of the Luciola genus in the same family, found commonly throughout Europe, in which both the males and the flightless females glow.
- Phengodidae, found in North America and South America
- Rhagophthalmidae, found in Asia
- Keroplatidae (flies, order Diptera): the genus Arachnocampa (formerly called Bolitiphila), found in New Zealand and Australia
- Mycetophilidae (flies, order Diptera): Orfelia fultoni ("dismalites"), a single species of fungus gnat, distantly related to Arachnocampa, found in North America.
Groups include:
- Lampyridae
- Phengodidae
- Railroad worm
- Arachnocampa
- Orfelia fultoni
Glow
The glow in the former two groups is a yellow-green color.[clarification needed] The so-called railroad worms in the Phengodidae family have an additional red light at their head. The fly larvae produce a blue-green colour. The glow is produced by different organs in the different families, suggesting they evolved separately, though several other beetle families in the superfamily Cantharoidea also exhibit bioluminescence, suggesting a single origin within this lineage and hence that the Lampyrids and Phengodids share a bioluminescent ancestor. The chemical reaction in each case is very efficient; nearly 100% of the energy input is turned into light (compared to the best light-emitting diodes at just 22%).
The purpose of the glow varies. Those adult females that glow do so to attract a male for mating. The Lampyridae larvae are believed to glow as a warning signal (see aposematism) to predators like toads not to eat them as they are mildly toxic. But the Arachnocampa and Orfelia larvae, on the other hand, glow to attract prey like midges into sticky snare lines for the larva to feed on.
Habitat locations
- India
- Morocco
- New Zealand
- Waitomo Caves, Waitomo, Waikato
- Waipu Caves Walk, Waipu
- Te Ana-au Caves, Lake Te Anau, Fiordland, South Island
- Leith Valley, Dunedin
- Wellington Botanic Garden
- Hari Hari, Westland
- Le Roys Bush, Auckland
- Waimarino Adventure Park, Tauranga
- Hokitika, Westland
- Australia
- Glow-Worm Caves Tamborine Mountain, Southeastern Queensland
- Newnes glow worm tunnel, Blue Mountains, New South Wales
- Natural Bridge, Gold Coast hinterland, Queensland
- Great Otway National Park, Victoria
- Dismals Canyon, Alabama, United States
See also
References
- "Glow worm", Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th edition
- "Glow-worm", Encyclopaedia of New Zealand, 1966
- Waitomo Glow Worm Caves
- The UK Glow Worm Survey
- De Cock, Raphaël; Matthysen, Erik (2003). "Glow-worm larvae bioluminescence (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) operates as an aposematic signal upon toads (Bufo bufo)". Behavioral Ecology 14 (1): 103–108. doi:10.1093/beheco/14.1.103.
- "Glow-worms"[dead link], Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
External links
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Wikiquote has quotations related to: Glowworms |
- Springbrook Glow Worms Research Centre. All about glow worms [Arachnocampa flava] in the Gold Coast hinterland, Queensland Australia.
- The UK Glow Worm Survey has county-by-county lists of glowworm sites in the UK
- An introduction to the fireflies and glow-worms of Europe information on the biology, life cycle, bioluminescence and evolution of glow-worms
English Journal
- Full glowworm swarm optimization algorithm for whole-set orders scheduling in single machine.
- Yu Z, Yang X.Author information Computer Science and Technology School, Taiyuan University of Science & Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.AbstractBy analyzing the characteristics of whole-set orders problem and combining the theory of glowworm swarm optimization, a new glowworm swarm optimization algorithm for scheduling is proposed. A new hybrid-encoding schema combining with two-dimensional encoding and random-key encoding is given. In order to enhance the capability of optimal searching and speed up the convergence rate, the dynamical changed step strategy is integrated into this algorithm. Furthermore, experimental results prove its feasibility and efficiency.
- TheScientificWorldJournal.ScientificWorldJournal.2013 Oct 31;2013:652061. doi: 10.1155/2013/652061.
- By analyzing the characteristics of whole-set orders problem and combining the theory of glowworm swarm optimization, a new glowworm swarm optimization algorithm for scheduling is proposed. A new hybrid-encoding schema combining with two-dimensional encoding and random-key encoding is given. In orde
- PMID 24294135
- The terrestrial bioluminescent animals of Japan.
- Oba Y, Branham MA, Fukatsu T.Author information Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan. oba@agr.nagoya-u.ac.jpAbstractLight production by organisms, or bioluminescence, has fascinated not only scientists but also ordinary people all over the world, and it has been especially so in Japan. Here we review the biological information available to date for all luminous terrestrial animals known from Japan, particularly focusing on their diversity and systematics, their biology and ecology in Japan, and putative function and biochemistry of their luminescence. In total 58 luminous terrestrial animals have been described from Japan, which consist of 50 fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae), one glowworm beetle (Coleoptera: Phengodidae), two fungus gnats (Diptera: Keroplatidae), one springtail (Collembola), one millipede (Diplopoda), one centipede (Chilopoda) and two earthworms (Oligochaeta). For all except some firefly species, the DNA "barcode" sequences of a cytochrome oxidase subunit I region are provided. We also introduce how intricately the seasonal appearance and glimmering of luminous insects, in particular those of fireflies, have been interwoven into the culture, art, literature and mentality of Japanese people.
- Zoological science.Zoolog Sci.2011 Nov;28(11):771-89. doi: 10.2108/zsj.28.771.
- Light production by organisms, or bioluminescence, has fascinated not only scientists but also ordinary people all over the world, and it has been especially so in Japan. Here we review the biological information available to date for all luminous terrestrial animals known from Japan, particularly f
- PMID 22035300
- Roles of biogenic amines in regulating bioluminescence in the Australian glowworm Arachnocampa flava.
- Rigby LM, Merritt DJ.Author information School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.AbstractThe glowworm Arachnocampa flava is a carnivorous fly larva (Diptera) that uses light to attract prey into its web. The light organ is derived from cells of the Malpighian tubules, representing a bioluminescence system that is unique to the genus. Bioluminescence is modulated through the night although light levels change quite slowly compared with the flashing of the better-known fireflies (Coleoptera). The existing model for the neural regulation of bioluminescence in Arachnocampa, based on use of anaesthetics and ligations, is that bioluminescence is actively repressed during the non-glowing phase and the repression is partially released during the bioluminescence phase. The effect of the anaesthetic, carbon dioxide, on the isolated light organ from the present study indicates that the repression is at least partially mediated at the light organ itself rather than less directly through the central nervous system. Blocking of neural signals from the central nervous system through ligation leads to uncontrolled release of bioluminescence but light is emitted at relatively low levels compared with under anaesthesia. Candidate biogenic amines were introduced by several methods: feeding prey items injected with test solution, injecting the whole larva, injecting a ligated section containing the light organ or bathing the isolated light organ in test solution. Using these methods, dopamine, serotonin and tyramine do not affect bioluminescence output. Exposure to elevated levels of octopamine via feeding, injection or bathing of the isolated light organ indicates that it is involved in the regulation of repression. Administration of the octopamine antagonists phentolamine or mianserin results in very high bioluminescence output levels, similar to the effect of anaesthetics, but only mianserin acts directly on the light organ.
- The Journal of experimental biology.J Exp Biol.2011 Oct 1;214(Pt 19):3286-93. doi: 10.1242/jeb.060509.
- The glowworm Arachnocampa flava is a carnivorous fly larva (Diptera) that uses light to attract prey into its web. The light organ is derived from cells of the Malpighian tubules, representing a bioluminescence system that is unique to the genus. Bioluminescence is modulated through the night althou
- PMID 21900476
Japanese Journal
- SELF-TUNING PID DECOUPLING CONTROLLER OF COKE OVEN COLLECTOR PRESSURE OPTIMIZED BY CONGESTION FACTOR BASED GSO ALGORITHM
- ICIC express letters. Part B, Applications : an international journal of research and surveys 4(3), 691-697, 2013-06
- NAID 40019602455
- ECHO STATE NETWORK FUSION SOFT SENSING MODEL OF FLOTATION PROCESS BASED ON GLOWWORM SWARM OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM
- ICIC express letters. Part B, Applications : an international journal of research and surveys 4(3), 519-524, 2013-06
- NAID 40019602033
- The Terrestrial Bioluminescent Animals of Japan
Related Links
- ※なお,図版は「THE NEW ZEALAND GLOWWORM(参考文献)」から引用したものです。 ツチボタル属(Arachnocampadae)の分布です。 ニュージーランドに一種 (Arachnocampa luminosa ),タスマニアに一種(),そして,オーストラリア ...
- Glowworm definition, the wingless female or larva of the European beetle, Lampyris noctiluca, which emits a sustained greenish light. See more. Thesaurus Translator Reference Word of the Day Blog Slideshows Apps by Dictionary ...
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