出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2013/12/13 04:26:09」(JST)
It has been suggested that this article be merged into Girl Guiding and Girl Scouting. (Discuss) Proposed since October 2012. |
Girl Guides or Girl Scouts is a movement in Scouting originally and still largely, for girls. It evolved in the Scouting movement in the early years of the 20th century.[1] Girls were attracted to Scouting from its inception in 1907. In different places around the world, the movement developed in diverse ways. In some places, girls attempted to join Scouting organisations and it was decided that single-gender organisations were a better solution.[2] In other places, girls groups were started, some of them later to open up to boys or merge with boys' organisations. In other instances, mixed groups were formed, sometimes to later split. In the same way, the name Girl Guide or Girl Scout has been used by groups at different times and in different places, with some groups changing from one to another.
In 1909 Robert Baden-Powell, the founder of Scouting, decided that girls should not be in the same organisation as the boys, and the Girl Guides were founded in the UK in 1910.[3] Many, though by no means all, Girl Guide and Girl Scout groups across the globe trace their roots to this point. Agnes Baden-Powell was in charge of Girl Guiding in UK in its early years.[4] Other influential people were Juliette Gordon Low, founder of the Girl Scouts of the USA, Olga Drahonowska-Małkowska in Poland and Antoinette Butte in France.[5]
The name Guide was taken from a famous frontier regiment in the British Indian army, the Corps of Guides, which was noted for its skills in tracking and survival.[6]
There has been much discussion about how similar Girl Guiding and Girl Scouting should be to boys' Scouting programs. While many girls saw what the boys were doing and wanted to do it too, girls' organizations have sought to avoid simply copying or mimicking the boys. Julie Bentley, appointed chief executive of the United Kingdom Girl Guides in 2012 and head of the Family Planning Association since 2007, described the Girl Guides in an interview with The Times as "the ultimate feminist organisation." [7]
Even when most Scout organisations became coeducational, Guiding remained separate in most countries to provide a female-centred programme. Internationally it is governed by the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts with member organisations in 145 countries.[8]
Robert Baden-Powell was a famous soldier who fought in the Second Anglo-Boer War in South Africa (1899 - 1902). During the Siege of Mafeking, when the town and British soldiers were besieged by Boer soldiers, Baden-Powell noticed how the young boys made themselves useful by carrying messages for the soldiers. When he came home, he decided to put some of his Scouting ideas into practice to see if they would be any good for young boys and took 21 boys camping on Brownsea Island, near Poole in Dorset. The camp was a success, and Baden-Powell wrote his book Scouting for Boys, covering tracking, signaling, cooking etc. Soon boys began to organize themselves into Patrols and Troops and called themselves "Boy Scouts". Girls bought the book as well and formed themselves into Patrols of Girl Scouts.
In 1909 there was a Boy Scout Rally at Crystal Palace in London. Among all the thousands of Boy Scouts there was also a group of girls from Pinkneys Green, in Berkshire, who spoke to Baden-Powell and asked him to let girls be Scouts. Baden-Powell decided to take action.
In those days, for girls to camp and hike was not common, as this extract from the Scout newspaper shows: "If a girl is not allowed to run, or even hurry, to swim, ride a bike, or raise her arms above her head, how can she become a Scout?"[9]
Baden-Powell's career had been in the British Army. There was an Indian regiment called the Khyber Guides who served on the north-west frontier of India. Baden-Powell persuaded the girl "Scouts" that Guides was a very special name of which they could be proud. So, in 1910 the first Girl Guides began.
Since 1910 Guides have spread and there are now millions of Guides worldwide. The World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS) was formed to link together Guides. In some countries the girls preferred to call themselves ‘Girl Scouts’.
(Reference: 'The Guide Handbook', London: The Guide Association, 1996)
The first Guide Company was 1st Pinkneys Green Guides (Miss Baden Powell's Own), who still exist in Pinkneys Green, Maidenhead in the English county of Berkshire.[10]
Things that are shared amongst all Guide Units are:[11]
Two central themes have been present from the earliest days of the movement: domestic skills and "a kind of practical feminism which embodies physical fitness, survival skills, camping, citizenship training, and career preparation".[13] These two themes have been emphasised differently at different times and by different groups, but have remained central to Girl Guiding and Girl Scouting.
The Guide International Service (G.I.S) was an organisation set up by the Girl Guides Association in Britain in 1942 with the aim of sending to Europe after World War II teams of adult Girl Guides to do relief work. [14][15] It is described in two books: All Things Uncertain by Phyllis Stewart Brown and Guides can do Anything by Nancy Eastick. In total 198 Guiders and 60 Scouters served in teams, drawn from Britain, Australia, Canada, Eire and Kenya.[16] [17] Some went to relieve the Bergen-Belsen displaced persons camp.[16] Teams also served in Malaya.
Individual national or other emblems may be found on the individual country's Scouting article.
Uniform is a specific characteristic of Scouting. Robert Baden-Powell said it "hides all differences of social standing in a country and makes for equality; but, more important still, it covers differences of country and race and creed, and makes all feel that they are members with one another of the one great brotherhood".[18]
In the 1909 The Scheme for Girl Guides, the uniform for the newly emerging movement was given as:
Jersey of company colour. Neckerchief of company colour. Skirt, knickers, stockings, dark blue. Cap - red biretta, or in summer, large straw hat. Haversack, cooking billy, lanyard and knife, walking stick or light staff. Cape, hooked up on the back. Shoulder knot, of the 'Group' colour on the left shoulder. Badges, much the same as the Boy Scouts. Officers wear ordinary country walking-dress, with biretta of dark blue, white shoulder knot, walking stick, and whistle on lanyard.[19]
Guide uniform varies within cultures, climates and the activities undertaken. They are often adorned with badges indicating a Guide's achievements and responsibilities. In some places, uniforms are manufactured and distributed by approved companies and the local Guiding organization. In other places, members make uniforms themselves.
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