WordNet

alternative terms for gallows (同)gallows-tree, gibbet, gallous
plant with trees; "this lot should be treed so that the house will be shaded in summer"
stretch (a shoe) on a shoetree (同)shoetree
a figure that branches from a single root; "genealogical tree" (同)tree diagram
a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms
chase an animal up a tree; "the hunters treed the bear with dogs and killed it"; "her dog likes to tree squirrels"
an instrument of execution consisting of a wooden frame from which a condemned person is executed by hanging
English actor and theatrical producer noted for his lavish productions of Shakespeare (1853-1917) (同)Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree

PrepTutorEJDIC

『木』,樹木;(潅木)(bush, shrub),低木に対し)喬木,高木 / (低木や草質植物でも形が高木に似ている)木; / 木製具 / 久分かれした図;系統図;(特に)家系図(family tree) / 〈動物・人〉‘を'木に通い上げる
〈C〉《複数形》《しばしば単数扱い》絞首台 / 《the ~》絞首刑

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Execution of German war criminal Franz Strasser at Landsberg Prison on 2 January 1946

Unidentified men wait at the gallows prior to the hanging of Melquiades Chapa and Jose Buenrostro on May 19, 1916 in Brownsville, Texas

These gallows in Tombstone Courthouse State Historic Park are maintained by Arizona State Parks.

A gallows (or scaffold) is a frame, typically wooden, used for execution by hanging, or as a means of torture before execution, as was used when being hanged, drawn and quartered. The gallows took its form from the Roman Furca when Constantine the Great abolished crucifixion.^[1]

Forms of hanging

Gallows can take several forms:

The simplest form (as often used in the game "Hangman") resembles an inverted "L" (or a Greek/Cyrillic "Г"), with a single upright and a horizontal beam to which the rope noose would be attached.
The horizontal crossbeam is supported at both ends.
There were even temporary gallows, which were portable, but weaker.
The infamous Tyburn gallows was triangular in plan, with three uprights and three crossbeams, allowing up to 24 men and women to be executed simultaneously when all three sides were used.

Occasionally, improvised gallows were used, usually by hanging the condemned from a tree or street light. Hangings from such improvised gallows are usually lynchings rather than judicial executions. In Afghanistan, Taliban used football goals as gallows.

Types

In use: execution of Mary Surratt, Lewis Powell, David Herold, and George Atzerodt, convicted of conspiracy in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, on a gallows constructed for the occasion

Permanent

Gallows may be permanent to act as a deterrent and grim symbol of the power of high justice (the French word for gallows, potence, stems from the Latin word potentia, meaning "power"). Many old prints of European cities show such a permanent gallows erected on a prominent hill outside the walls, or more commonly near the castle or other seat of justice. In the modern era the gallows were often installed inside a prison; freestanding on a scaffold in the yard, erected at ground level over a pit, enclosed in a small shed of stone, brick or wood, built into the gallery of a prison wing (with the beam resting in brackets on opposite walls), or in a purpose-built execution suite of rooms within the wing and close to the condemned cell.

Temporary

Gallows can also be temporary. In some of the cases, they were even moved to the location of the crime. In England, pirates were typically executed using a temporary gallows, at low tide in the intertidal zone, then left for the sea to wash over them during the following high tides.^[2]

The Gallows in Rutland County Museum

The only surviving New Drop gallows in the UK are in Rutland County Museum. The gallows were portable and were set up at the gaol (jail) when needed. These gallows were first used in 1813 to hang two burglars. The New Drop design was not very effective as the drop was too short to break the neck cleanly.

Portable

If a crime took place inside, e.g., a building, gallows may be erected—and the criminal hanged—at the front door. In some cases of multiple offenders it was not uncommon to erect multiple temporary gallows, with one noose per condemned criminal. In one case a condemned strangled to death in agony for forty minutes until he finally died from asphyxiation.

Horse and cart

Hanging people from early gallows sometimes involved fitting the noose around the person's neck while he or she was on a ladder or in a horse-drawn cart underneath. Removing the ladder or driving the cart away left the person dangling by the neck to slowly strangle. A noted example of this type of execution in the USA was the hanging of British spy John Andre in 1780.

Later, a "scaffold" with a trap-door tended to be used, so victims dropped down and died quickly from a broken neck rather than through strangulation, especially if extra weights were fixed to their ankles.

During the era of public execution in London, England, a prominent gallows stood at Tyburn, on what is now Marble Arch. Later executions occurred outside Newgate Gaol, where the Old Bailey now stands.

References

^ Thomas Dudley Fosbroke, Encyclopædia of antiquities: and elements of archaeology, Classical and Medieval, vol. I, pg. 268, John Nichols and Son, London (1825).
^ Konstam, Angus (1998). Pirates:1660–1730. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-85532-706-6.

External links

BBC Article about British manufacturer.
wikibooks:A Researcher's Guide to Local History Terminology: Local History terminology.

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English Journal

Hangman's fracture: a historical and biomechanical perspective.

Rayes M1, Mittal M, Rengachary SS, Mittal S.
Journal of neurosurgery. Spine.J Neurosurg Spine.2011 Feb;14(2):198-208. doi: 10.3171/2010.10.SPINE09805. Epub 2010 Dec 24.
The execution technique of hanging, introduced by the Angle, Saxon, and Jute Germanic tribes during their invasions of the Roman Empire and Britain in the 5th century, has remained largely unchanged over time. The earliest form of a gallows was a tree on which prisoners were hanged. Despite the intr
PMID 21184637

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