"Mycoses" redirects here. For the journal, see Mycoses (journal).
| Mycosis |
| Classification and external resources |
Micrograph showing a mycosis (aspergillosis). The Aspergillus (which is spaghetti-like) is seen in the center and surrounded by inflammatory cells and necrotic debris. H&E stain. |
| ICD-10 |
B35-B49 |
| ICD-9 |
110-118.99 |
| DiseasesDB |
28821 |
| MeSH |
D009181 |
A mycosis (plural: 'mycoses) is a fungal infection of animals, including humans.[1] Mycoses are common, and a variety of environmental and physiological conditions can contribute to the development of fungal diseases. Inhalation of fungal spores or localized colonization of the skin may initiate persistent infections; therefore, mycoses often start in the lungs or on the skin.[2]
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Contents
- 1 Causes
- 2 Classification
- 2.1 Superficial mycoses
- 2.2 Cutaneous mycoses
- 2.3 Subcutaneous mycoses
- 2.4 Systemic mycoses due to primary pathogens
- 2.5 Systemic mycoses due to opportunistic pathogens
- 3 Treatment
- 4 Prevention
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 External links
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Causes
People are at risk of fungal infections when they are taking strong antibiotics for a long period of time because antibiotics kill not only damaging bacteria, but healthy bacteria as well. This alters the balance of microorganisms in the mouth, vagina, intestines and other places in the body, and results in an overgrowth of fungus.
Individuals with weakened immune systems are also at risk of developing fungal infections. This is the case of people with HIV/AIDS, people under steroid treatments, and people taking chemotherapy. People with diabetes also tend to develop fungal infections. Very young and very old people, also, are groups at risk.[3]
Classification
Mycoses are classified according to the tissue levels initially colonized.
Superficial mycoses
Superficial mycoses are limited to the outermost layers of the skin and hair.
An example of a fungal infection is Tinea versicolor, a fungus infection that commonly affects the skin of young people, especially the chest, back, and upper arms and legs. Tinea versicolor is caused by a fungus that lives in the skin of some adults. It doesn't usually affect the face. This fungus produces spots that are either lighter than the skin or a reddish-brown. This fungus exists in two forms, one of them causing visible spots. Factors that can cause the fungus to become more visible include high humidity, as well as immune or hormone abnormalities. However, almost all people with this very common condition are healthy.
Cutaneous mycoses
Cutaneous mycoses extend deeper into the epidermis, and also include invasive hair and nail diseases. These diseases are restricted to the keratinized layers of the skin, hair, and nails. Unlike the superficial mycoses, host immune responses may be evoked, resulting in pathologic changes expressed in the deeper layers of the skin. The organisms that cause these diseases are called dermatophytes. The resulting diseases are often called ringworm (even though there is no worm involved) or tinea. Cutaneous mycoses are caused by Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton fungi, which together comprise 41 species.
One common disease is the athlete's foot which most commonly affects men and children before puberty. It is divided in three categories: chronic interdigital athlete's foot, chronic scaly athlete's foot, and acute vesicular athlete's foot.[4]
Subcutaneous mycoses
Subcutaneous mycoses involve the dermis, subcutaneous tissues, muscle, and fascia. These infections are chronic and can be initiated by piercing trauma to the skin, which allows the fungi to enter. These infections are difficult to treat and may require surgical interventions such as debridement.
Systemic mycoses due to primary pathogens
Systemic mycoses due to primary pathogens originate primarily in the lungs and may spread to many organ systems. Organisms that cause systemic mycoses are inherently virulent. Generally, primary pathogens that cause systemic mycoses are dimorphic.
Systemic mycoses due to opportunistic pathogens
Systemic mycoses due to opportunistic pathogens are infections of patients with immune deficiencies who would otherwise not be infected. Examples of immunocompromised conditions include AIDS, alteration of normal flora by antibiotics, immunosuppressive therapy, and metastatic cancer. Examples of opportunistic mycoses include Candidiasis, Cryptococcosis and Aspergillosis.
Treatment
Antifungal drugs are used to treat mycoses. Depending on the nature of the infection, a topical or systemic agent may be used. Photochemotherapy or photopheresis is a technique used at medical centers for the treatment of mycosis fungoides.
An example of antifungal is fluconazole, or Diflucan, which is the basis of many over-the-counter antifungal treatments. Another example is amphotericin B (the A form being toxic) which is more potent. It is used in the treatment of the most severe fungal infections that show resistance to other forms of treatment and it is administered intravenously.[5]
Drugs to treat skin infections are Tolnaftate (Tinactin), an over the counter topical; Ketoconazole, especially used to treat tinea versicolor and other dermatophytes; Itraconazole; Terbinafine (Lamisil); Echinocandins (caspofungin); Griseofulvin, commonly used for infections involving the scalp and nails.[6]
Yeast infections in the vagina, caused by candida albicans, can be treated with medicated suppositories and pessaries whereas skin yeast infections are treated with medicated ointments.[7]
Prevention
Keeping the skin clean and dry, as well as maintaining good hygiene, will help larger topical mycoses. Because fungal infections are contagious, it is important to wash after touching other people or animals. Sports clothing should also be washed after use. Wearing flip-flops if using a community swimming pool or shower will also help prevent topical infections.
See also
- Pathogenic fungi
- Black hairy tongue
- List of cutaneous conditions
References
- ^ "Dorlands Medical Dictionary:mycosis". http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/five/000069303.htm.
- ^ "What Is a Fungal Infection?". http://www.fungalinfections.us/. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
- ^ "Fungal infections: Introduction". http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/f/fungal_infections/intro.htm. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
- ^ "Athlete's Foot". http://dermatology.about.com/cs/fungalinfections/a/athletesfoot.htm. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
- ^ "What is a mycosis? causes, symptoms and treatments". http://www.essortment.com/family/mycosisfungusi_syfq.htm. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
- ^ "Therapy". http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-4.htm. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
- ^ "How Are Yeast Infections Treated?". http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/guide/fungal-infections-skin?page=3. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
External links
- Guide to Fungal Infections - Patient-oriented, educational website written by dermatologists.
- Doctor Fungus - An educational website sponsored through unrestricted educational grants by numerous pharmaceutical companies
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Infectious disease and microbiology
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Disciplines/
pathogens/
major diseases |
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Bacteriology
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Bacteria: Tuberculosis · Leprosy · Cholera · Diptheria · Syphilis
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Virology
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Viruses: AIDS · Influenza · Polio · Measles · Smallpox
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Prions: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
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Mycology
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Fungi: Candidiasis · Tinea · Aspergillosis
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Parasitology
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Protozoan infection/Helminths: Malaria · Schistosomiasis · Hookworm · Amoebic dysentery
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Medical entomology
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Ectoparasites: Scabies · Lice
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| People |
Ignaz Semmelweis · Louis Pasteur · Robert Koch · Alexander Fleming
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| Special topics |
Vaccination · Antibiotics · Pandemic · Eradication · Zoonosis · Transmission (Horizontal, Vertical)
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Pathology: Medical conditions and ICD code
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(Disease / Disorder / Illness, Syndrome / Sequence, Symptom / Sign, Injury, etc.)
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| (A/B, 001–139) |
Infectious disease/Infection: Bacterial disease (G+, G-) · Virus disease · Parasitic disease (Protozoan infection, Helminthiasis, Ectoparasitic infestation) · Mycosis · Zoonosis
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(C/D,
140–239 &
279–289) |
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Cancer (C00–D48, 140–239)
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Tumor
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Myeloid hematologic (D50–D77, 280–289)
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Anemia · Coagulopathy
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Lymphoid immune (D80–D89, 279)
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Immunodeficiency · Immunoproliferative disorder · Hypersensitivity
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Endocrine disease · Nutrition disorder · Inborn error of metabolism
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Mental disorder
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| (G, 320–359) |
Nervous system disease (CNS, PNS) · Neuromuscular disease
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Eye disease · Ear disease
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Cardiovascular disease (Heart disease, Vascular disease)
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| (J, 460–519) |
Respiratory disease (Obstructive lung disease, Restrictive lung disease, Pneumonia)
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Stomatognathic disease (Tooth disease) · Digestive disease (Esophageal, Stomach, Enteropathy, Liver, Pancreatic)
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| (L, 680–709) |
Skin disease · skin appendages (Nail disease, Hair disease, Sweat gland disease)
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| (M, 710–739) |
Musculoskeletal disorders: Myopathy · Arthropathy · Osteochondropathy (Osteopathy, Chondropathy)
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Urologic disease (Nephropathy, Urinary bladder disease) · Male genital disease · Breast disease · Female genital disease
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| (O, 630–679) |
Complications of pregnancy · Obstetric labor complication · Puerperal disorder
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| (P, 760–779) |
Fetal disease
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Congenital disorder (Congenital abnormality)
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Syndromes · Medical signs (Eponymous)
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Bone fracture · Joint dislocation · Sprain · Strain · Subluxation · Head injury · Chest trauma · Poisoning
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Infectious diseases · Mycoses and Mesomycetozoea (B35–B49, 110–118)
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Superficial and
cutaneous
(dermatomycosis):
Tinea=skin;
Piedra (exothrix/
endothrix)=hair |
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Ascomycota
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Dermatophyte
(Dermatophytosis)
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By location
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Tinea barbae/Tinea capitis (Kerion) · Tinea corporis (Ringworm, Dermatophytid) · Tinea cruris · Tinea manuum · Tinea pedis (Athlete's foot) · Tinea unguium/Onychomycosis (White superficial onychomycosis · Distal subungual onychomycosis · Proximal subungual onychomycosis)
Tinea corporis gladiatorum · Tinea faciei · Tinea imbricata · Tinea incognito · Favus
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By organism
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Epidermophyton floccosum · Microsporum canis · Microsporum audouinii · Trichophyton interdigitale/mentagrophytes · Trichophyton tonsurans · Trichophyton schoenleini · Trichophyton rubrum
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Other
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Hortaea werneckii (Tinea nigra) · Piedraia hortae (Black piedra)
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Basidiomycota
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Malassezia furfur (Tinea versicolor, Pityrosporum folliculitis) · Trichosporon spp (White piedra)
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Subcutaneous,
systemic,
and opportunistic |
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Ascomycota
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Dimorphic
(yeast+mold)
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Onygenales
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Coccidioides immitis/Coccidioides posadasii (Coccidioidomycosis, Disseminated coccidioidomycosis, Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis. Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis) · Histoplasma capsulatum (Histoplasmosis, Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis, Primary pulmonary histoplasmosis, Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis) · Histoplasma duboisii (African histoplasmosis) · Lacazia loboi (Lobomycosis) · Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Paracoccidioidomycosis)
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Other
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Blastomyces dermatitidis (Blastomycosis, North American blastomycosis, South American blastomycosis) · Sporothrix schenckii (Sporotrichosis) · Penicillium marneffei (Penicilliosis)
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Yeast-like
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Candida albicans (Candidiasis, Oral, Esophageal, Vulvovaginal, Chronic mucocutaneous, Antibiotic candidiasis, Candidal intertrigo, Candidal onychomycosis, Candidal paronychia, Candidid, Diaper candidiasis, Congenital cutaneous candidiasis, Perianal candidiasis, Systemic candidiasis, Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica) · C. glabrata · C. tropicalis · C. lusitaniae · Pneumocystis jirovecii (Pneumocystosis, Pneumocystis pneumonia)
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Mold-like
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Aspergillus (Aspergillosis, Aspergilloma, Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, Primary cutaneous aspergillosis) · Exophiala jeanselmei (Eumycetoma) · Fonsecaea pedrosoi/Fonsecaea compacta/Phialophora verrucosa (Chromoblastomycosis) · Geotrichum candidum (Geotrichosis) · Pseudallescheria boydii (Allescheriasis)
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Basidiomycota
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Cryptococcus neoformans (Cryptococcosis), Trichosporon spp (Trichosporonosis)
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Zygomycota
(Zygomycosis)
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Mucorales
(Mucormycosis)
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Rhizopus oryzae · Mucor indicus · Absidia corymbifera · Syncephalastrum racemosum
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Entomophthorales
(Entomophthoramycosis)
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Basidiobolus ranarum (Basidiobolomycosis) · Conidiobolus coronatus/Conidiobolus incongruus (Conidiobolomycosis)
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Microsporidia
(Microsporidiosis)
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Enterocytozoon bieneusi/Encephalitozoon intestinalis
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| Mesomycetozoea |
Rhinosporidium seeberi (Rhinosporidiosis)
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| Ungrouped |
Alternariosis · Fungal folliculitis · Fusarium (Fusariosis) · Granuloma gluteale infantum · Hyalohyphomycosis · Otomycosis · Phaeohyphomycosis
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