脳機能イメージング、脳機能画像解析

関: functional brain imaging

WordNet

perform as expected when applied; "The washing machine wont go unless its plugged in"; "Does this old car still run well?"; "This old radio doesnt work anymore" (同)work, operate, go, run
(mathematics) a mathematical relation such that each element of a given set (the domain of the function) is associated with an element of another set (the range of the function) (同)mathematical function, single-valued function, map, mapping
a relation such that one thing is dependent on another; "height is a function of age"; "price is a function of supply and demand"
the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group; "the function of a teacher"; "the government must do its part"; "play its role" (同)office, part, role
what something is used for; "the function of an auger is to bore holes"; "ballet is beautiful but what use is it?" (同)purpose, role, use
a formal or official social gathering or ceremony; "it was a black-tie function"
relating to or based on function especially as opposed to structure; "the problem now is not a constitutional one; it is a functional one"; "delegates elected on a functional rather than a geographical basis"
fit or ready for use or service; "the toaster was still functional even after being dropped"; "the lawnmower is a bit rusty but still usable"; "an operational aircraft"; "the dishwasher is now in working order" (同)usable, useable, operable, operational
designed for or adapted to a function or use; "functional education selects knowledge that is concrete and usable rather than abstract and theoretical"; "functional architecture"
designed for or capable of a particular function or use; "a style of writing in which every word is functional"; "functional architecture"
involving or affecting function rather than physiology; "functional deafness"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(人・物の果たすべき)『働き』,機能,役目;《しばしば複数形で》職務 / (公式の)儀式,《話》大きな催し(集まり),式典 / (数学で)関数 / 〈機械などが〉『機能を果たす』,動く / (…の)役目をする,代用となる《+『as』+『名』》
『機能上の』 / (余分なものが無く)機能的な,実用的な / (数学で)関数の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/10 18:16:12」(JST)

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Functional magnetic resonance imaging data

Functional neuroimaging is the use of neuroimaging technology to measure an aspect of brain function, often with a view to understanding the relationship between activity in certain brain areas and specific mental functions. It is primarily used as a research tool in cognitive neuroscience, cognitive psychology, neuropsychology, and social neuroscience.

Overview

Common methods of functional neuroimaging include

Positron emission tomography (PET),
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI),
multichannel electroencephalography (EEG),
magnetoencephalography (MEG),
near infrared spectroscopic imaging (NIRSI)
Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

PET, fMRI and NIRSI can measure localized changes in cerebral blood flow related to neural activity. These changes are referred to as activations. Regions of the brain which are activated when a subject performs a particular task may play a role in the neural computations which contribute to the behaviour. For instance, widespread activation of the occipital lobe is typically seen in tasks which involve visual stimulation (compared with tasks that do not). This part of the brain receives signals from the retina and is believed to play a role in visual perception.

Other methods of neuroimaging involve recording of electrical currents or magnetic fields, for example EEG and MEG. Different methods have different advantages for research; for instance, MEG measures brain activity with high temporal resolution (down to the millisecond level), but is limited in its ability to localize that activity. fMRI does a much better job of localizing brain activity for spatial resolution, but with a much lower time resolution.^[1]

Functional neuroimaging topics

The measure used in a particular study is generally related to the particular question being addressed. Measurement limitations vary amongst the techniques. For instance, MEG and EEG record the magnetic or electrical fluctuations that occur when a population of neurons is active. These methods are excellent for measuring the time-course of neural events (on the order of milliseconds,) but generally bad at measuring where those events happen. PET and fMRI measure changes in the composition of blood near a neural event. Because measurable blood changes are slow (on the order of seconds), these methods are much worse at measuring the time-course of neural events, but are generally better at measuring the location.

Traditional "activation studies" focus on determining distributed patterns of brain activity associated with specific tasks. However, scientists are able to more thoroughly understand brain function by studying the interaction of distinct brain regions, as a great deal of neural processing is performed by an integrated network of several regions of the brain. An active area of neuroimaging research involves examining the functional connectivity of spatially remote brain regions. Functional connectivity analyses allow the characterization of interregional neural interactions during particular cognitive or motor tasks or merely from spontaneous activity during rest. FMRI and PET enable creation of functional connectivity maps of distinct spatial distributions of temporally correlated brain regions called functional networks. Several studies using neuroimaging techniques have also established that posterior visual areas in blind individuals may be active during the performance of nonvisual tasks such as Braille reading, memory retrieval, and auditory localization as well as other auditory functions.^[2]

A direct method to measure functional connectivity is to observe how stimulation of one part of the brain will affect other areas. This can be done noninvasively in humans by combining transcranial magnetic stimulation with one of the neuroimaging tools such as PET, fMRI, or EEG. Massimini et al. (Science, September 30, 2005) used EEG to record how activity spreads from the stimulated site. They reported that in non-REM sleep, although the brain responds vigorously to stimulation, functional connectivity is much attenuated from its level during wakefulness. Thus, during deep sleep, "brain areas do not talk to each other".

Functional neuroimaging draws on data from many areas other than cognitive neuroscience and social neuroscience, including biological sciences (such as neuroanatomy and neurophysiology), physics and maths, to further develop and refine the technology.

Critique and careful interpretation

Functional neuroimaging studies have to be carefully designed and interpreted with care. Statistical analysis (often using a technique called statistical parametric mapping) is often needed so that the different sources of activation within the brain can be distinguished from one another. This can be particularly challenging when considering processes which are difficult to conceptualise or have no easily definable task associated with them (for example belief and consciousness).

Functional neuroimaging of interesting phenomena often gets cited in the press. In one case a group of prominent functional neuroimaging researchers felt compelled to write a letter to New York Times in response to an op-ed article about a study of so-called neuropolitics.^[3]

They argued that some of the interpretations of the study were "scientifically unfounded".^[4]

The Hastings Center issued a report in March 2014 entitled "Interpreting Neuroimages: An Introduction to the Technology and Its Limits",^[5] with articles by leading neuroscientists and bioethicists. The report briefly explains neuroimaging technologies and mostly critiques, but also somewhat defends, their current state, import and prospects.

References

^ Poldrack, R. A.; Sandak, R. (2004). "Introduction to This Special Issue: The Cognitive Neuroscience of Reading". Scientific Studies of Reading 8 (3): 199. doi:10.1207/s1532799xssr0803_1.
^ Gougoux, F. D. R.; Zatorre, R. J.; Lassonde, M.; Voss, P.; Lepore, F. (2005). "A Functional Neuroimaging Study of Sound Localization: Visual Cortex Activity Predicts Performance in Early-Blind Individuals". PLoS Biology 3 (2): e27. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030027. PMC 544927. PMID 15678166.
^ Marco Iacoboni et al. (2007). "This Is Your Brain on Politics". In: The New York Times 11 November 2007.
^ Chris Frith et al. (2007). "Politics and the Brain". In: The New York Times, 14 November 2007.
^ Johnston, J., & Parens, E. (2014)."Interpreting Neuroimages: An Introduction to the Technology and Its Limits", The Hastings Center Report, Volume 44, Issue s2, March-April 2014.

External links

The Whole Brain Atlas @ Harvard
The American Society of Neuroimaging (ASN).
UCLA Neuroimaging Training Program.
BrainMapping.org, a free BrainMapping community information portal

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UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児における神経画像検査へのアプローチ approach to neuroimaging in children
2. 認知症の評価に関する神経画像診断研究 neuroimaging studies in the evaluation of dementia
3. 痙攣発作およびてんかんの評価における神経画像 neuroimaging in the evaluation of seizures and epilepsy
4. 低酸素性虚血性脳障害：評価および予後 hypoxic ischemic brain injury evaluation and prognosis
5. アルツハイマー病の臨床的特徴および診断 clinical features and diagnosis of alzheimer disease

English Journal

The anatomy of choice: dopamine and decision-making.

Friston K1, Schwartenbeck P2, FitzGerald T2, Moutoussis M2, Behrens T3, Dolan RJ2.
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci.2014 Nov 5;369(1655). pii: 20130481. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0481.
This paper considers goal-directed decision-making in terms of embodied or active inference. We associate bounded rationality with approximate Bayesian inference that optimizes a free energy bound on model evidence. Several constructs such as expected utility, exploration or novelty bonuses, softmax
PMID 25267823

Alcohol-induced impairment of inhibitory control is linked to attenuated brain responses in right fronto-temporal cortex.

Gan G1, Guevara A2, Marxen M1, Neumann M1, Jünger E1, Kobiella A1, Mennigen E1, Pilhatsch M1, Schwarz D1, Zimmermann US1, Smolka MN3.
Biological psychiatry.Biol Psychiatry.2014 Nov 1;76(9):698-707. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.12.017. Epub 2014 Jan 15.
BACKGROUND: A self-enhancing loop between impaired inhibitory control under alcohol and alcohol consumption has been proposed as a possible mechanism underlying dysfunctional drinking in susceptible people. However, the neural underpinnings of alcohol-induced impairment of inhibitory control are wid
PMID 24560581

Neuronal correlates of risk-seeking attitudes to anticipated losses in binge drinkers.

Worbe Y1, Irvine M2, Lange I2, Kundu P2, Howell NA2, Harrison NA3, Bullmore ET4, Robbins TW1, Voon V5.
Biological psychiatry.Biol Psychiatry.2014 Nov 1;76(9):717-24. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.11.028. Epub 2013 Dec 9.
BACKGROUND: Abnormal decision making under risk is associated with a number of psychiatric disorders. Here, we focus on binge drinkers (BD), characterized by repeated episodes of heavy alcohol intoxication. Previous studies suggest a decreased sensitivity to aversive conditioning in BD. Here, we ask
PMID 24387822

Japanese Journal

モチベーションと脳画像 (特集モチベーションの科学)

最新精神医学 22(5), 407-412, 2017-09
NAID 40021376895

Logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia (LPA) : 5症例における臨床症状と機能画像所見との関係

精神医学 = Clinical psychiatry 59(9), 873-884, 2017-09
NAID 40021320058

計算論的神経科学に基づく精神疾患バイオマーカー開発の現状と今後の展望 (特集精神疾患の生物学的診断指標 : 現状と開発研究の展望)

精神医学 = Clinical psychiatry 59(9), 835-842, 2017-09
NAID 40021319947

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「脳機能画像解析」「functional brain imaging」
関連記事	「function」「functional」

「脳機能画像解析」

　　[★]

英: functional neuroimaging
関: 脳機能イメージング

「functional brain imaging」

　　[★]

脳機能イメージング

関: functional neuroimaging

「function」

　　[★]

n.

機能、(数学)関数、(化学)官能基

survival as a function of HbA1c in people with type 2 diabetes HbA1cの機能を考慮（指標に）した2型糖尿病の患者の生存（予後）

Figure 2A shows survival as a function of device removal during index hpspitalization, censored at 1 year or date of last contact. (Figure2Aはは最初の入院中における心臓デバイス除去に関する生存曲線で退院後1年もしくは最後の接触で打ち切っている)

v.

機能する

関: functional、functional group、functionalise、functionalize、operate

「functional」

　　[★]

adj.

機能的な、機能性の、機能の、機能上の、(化学)官能基の

関: function、functional group、functionalise、functionality、functionalize、functionally、operate

[1] Poldrack, R. A.; Sandak, R. (2004). "Introduction to This Special Issue: The Cognitive Neuroscience of Reading". Scientific Studies of Reading 8 (3): 199. doi:10.1207/s1532799xssr0803_1.

[2] Gougoux, F. D. R.; Zatorre, R. J.; Lassonde, M.; Voss, P.; Lepore, F. (2005). "A Functional Neuroimaging Study of Sound Localization: Visual Cortex Activity Predicts Performance in Early-Blind Individuals". PLoS Biology 3 (2): e27. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030027. PMC 544927. PMID 15678166.

[3] Marco Iacoboni et al. (2007). "This Is Your Brain on Politics". In: The New York Times 11 November 2007.

[4] Chris Frith et al. (2007). "Politics and the Brain". In: The New York Times, 14 November 2007.

[5] Johnston, J., & Parens, E. (2014)."Interpreting Neuroimages: An Introduction to the Technology and Its Limits", The Hastings Center Report, Volume 44, Issue s2, March-April 2014.

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案内

functional neuroimaging