WordNet

that which is inherited; a title or property or estate that passes by law to the heir on the death of the owner (同)heritage
(genetics) attributes acquired via biological heredity from the parents (同)hereditary pattern
any attribute or immaterial possession that is inherited from ancestors; "my only inheritance was my mothers blessing"; "the worlds heritage of knowledge" (同)heritage
hereditary succession to a title or an office or property (同)heritage

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〈U〉『相続』,継承 / 〈C〉『遺産』,相続財産 / 〈C〉(両親・前任者・前代などから)受け継いだもの

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/28 19:25:02」(JST)

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Extranuclear inheritance or cytoplasmic inheritance is the transmission of genes that occur outside the nucleus. It is found in most eukaryotes and is commonly known to occur in cytoplasmic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts or from cellular parasites like viruses or bacteria.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Organelles

Mitochondria are organelles which function to produce energy as a result of cellular respiration. Chloroplasts are organelles which function to produce sugars via photosynthesis in plants and algae. The genes located in mitochondria and chloroplasts are very important for proper cellular function, yet the genomes replicate independently of the DNA located in the nucleus, which is typically arranged in chromosomes that only replicate one time preceding cellular division. The extranuclear genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts however replicate independently of cell division. They replicate in response to a cell's increasing energy needs which adjust during that cell's lifespan. Since they replicate independently, genomic recombination of these genomes is rarely found in offspring contrary to nuclear genomes, in which recombination is common. Mitochondrial disease are received from the mother, sperm does not contribute for it.

Parasites

Extranuclear transmission of viral genomes and symbiotic bacteria is also possible. An example of viral genome transmission is perinatal transmission. This occurs from mother to foetus during the perinatal period, which begins before birth and ends about 1 month after birth. During this time viral material may be passed from mother to child in the bloodstream or breastmilk. This is of particular concern with mothers carrying HIV or Hepatitis C viruses.^[2]^[3] Examples of cytoplasmic [symbiotic] bacteria have also been found to be inherited in organisms such as insects and protists.^[4]

Types

Three general types of extranuclear inheritance exist.

Vegetative segregation results from random replication and partitioning of cytoplasmic organelles. It occurs with chloroplasts and mitochondria during mitotic cell divisions and results in daughter cells that contain a random sample of the parent cell's organelles. An example of vegetative segregation is with mitochondria of asexually replicating yeast cells.^[5]
Uniparental inheritance occurs in extranuclear genes when only one parent contributes organellar DNA to the offspring. A classic example of uniparental gene transmission is the maternal inheritance of human mitochondria. The mother's mitochondria are transmitted to the offspring at fertilization via the egg. The father's mitochondrial genes are not transmitted to the offspring via the sperm. Very rare cases which require further investigation have been reported of paternal mitochondrial inheritance in humans, in which the father's mitochondrial genome is found in offspring.^[6] Chloroplast genes can also inherit uniparentally during sexual reproduction. They are historically thought to inherit maternally, but paternal inheritance in many species is increasingly being identified. The mechanisms of uniparental inheritance from species to species differ greatly and are quite complicated. For instance, chloroplasts have been found to exhibit maternal, paternal and biparental modes even within the same species.^[7]^[8]
Biparental inheritance occurs in extranuclear genes when both parents contribute organellar DNA to the offspring. It may be less common than uniparental extranuclear inheritance, and usually occurs in a permissible species only a fraction of the time. An example of biparental mitochondrial inheritance is in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When two haploid cells of opposite mating type fuse they can both contribute mitochondria to the resulting diploid offspring.^[1]^[5]

References

^ ^a ^b C. W. Birky, Jr. (1994). "Relaxed and stringent genomes: why cytoplasmic genes don't obey Mendel's laws". Journal of Heredity 85 (5): 355–366.
^ ^a ^b Sangeeta Jain, Nima Goharkhay, George Saade, Gary D. Hankins & Garland D. Anderson (2007). "Hepatitis C in pregnancy". American Journal of Perinatology 24 (4): 251–256. doi:10.1055/s-2007-970181.
^ ^a ^b Patrick Duff (1996). "HIV infection in women". Primary Care Update for OB/GYNS 3 (2): 45–49. doi:10.1016/S1068-607X(95)00062-N.
^ Jan Sapp (2004). "The dynamics of symbiosis: an historical overview". Canadian Journal of Botany 82 (8): 1046–1056. doi:10.1139/b04-055.
^ ^a ^b C. William Birky, Jr., Robert L. Strausberg, Jean L. Forster & Philip S. Perlman (1978). "Vegetative segregation of mitochondria in yeast: estimating parameters using a random model". Molecular and General Genetics 158 (3): 251–261. doi:10.1007/BF00267196.
^ Marianne Schwartz & John Vissing (2003). "New patterns of inheritance in mitochondrial disease". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 310 (2): 247–251. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.09.037.
^ C. W. Birky, Jr. (1995). "Uniparental inheritance of mitochondrial and chloroplast genes: mechanisms and evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 92 (25): 11331–11338. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.25.11331. PMC 40394. PMID 8524780.
^ A. Katie Hanse, Linda K. Escobar, Lawrence E. Gilbert & Robert K. Jansen (2006). "Paternal, maternal, and biparental inheritance of the chloroplast genome in Passiflora (Passifloraceae): implications for phylogenic studies". Botany 94 (1): 42–46. doi:10.3732/ajb.94.1.42. PMID 21642206.

External links

http://www.tamu.edu/classes/magill/gene603/Lecture%20outlines/cytoplasmic%20inh/CYTOPLASMIC_INHERITANCE.html

UpToDate Contents

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1. 単一遺伝子性疾患の非メンデル遺伝のパターン non mendelian inheritance patterns of monogenic diseases
2. メンデル遺伝の概要 overview of mendelian inheritance
3. 先天異常の遺伝学的および環境的原因 genetic and environmental causes of birth defects
4. 複合形質の遺伝の原則 principles of complex trait genetics
5. 遺伝性疾患の基本原則 basic principles of genetic disease

English Journal

Genetic variations of mitochondrial antiviral signaling gene (MAVS) in domestic chickens.

Yu D1, Xu L2, Peng L2, Chen SY3, Liu YP4, Yao YG5.
Gene.Gene.2014 Jul 25;545(2):226-32. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.05.029. Epub 2014 May 14.
Mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) gene plays a key role in antiviral regulation in mammals potentially by activating IRF3/7 and NF-κB and leading to the induction of type I interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral and inflammatory responses. In this study, we screened genetic polymorphisms of the
PMID 24835312

The complete mitochondrial genome of Taeniogonalos taihorina (Bischoff) (Hymenoptera: Trigonalyidae) reveals a novel gene rearrangement pattern in the Hymenoptera.

Wu QL1, Li Q2, Gu Y3, Shi BC4, van Achterberg C5, Wei SJ6, Chen XX7.
Gene.Gene.2014 Jun 10;543(1):76-84. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.04.003. Epub 2014 Apr 5.
The family Trigonalyidae is considered to be one of the most basal lineages in the suborder Apocrita of Hymenoptera. Here, we determine the first complete mitochondrial genome of the Trigonalyidae, from the species Taeniogonalos taihorina (Bischoff, 1914). This mitochondrial genome is 15,927bp long,
PMID 24709108

Epigenetics and migraine; complex mitochondrial interactions contributing to disease susceptibility.

Roos-Araujo D1, Stuart S1, Lea RA1, Haupt LM1, Griffiths LR2.
Gene.Gene.2014 Jun 10;543(1):1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.04.001. Epub 2014 Apr 1.
Migraine is a common neurological disorder classified by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as one of the top twenty most debilitating diseases in the developed world. Current therapies are only effective for a proportion of sufferers and new therapeutic targets are desperately needed to alleviate
PMID 24704026

Japanese Journal

Inheritance of Resistance to Fenitrothion and Pirimiphos-methyl in the Rice Stem Borer, Chilo suppressalis(Lepidoptera:Pyralidae)

KONNO Yasuhiko,SHISHIDO Takashi
Applied entomology and zoology 26(4), 535-541, 1991-11-25
… The inheritance of fenitrothion resistance (22-fold) and pirimiphos-methyl resistance (500-fold) was studied in the OP-resistant Hata-f strain of the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis. … The resistance was found to be incompletely recessive, and no extranuclear effects were found. … Observed mortalities for the backcross progenies [F_1(Hata-f〓×S〓)〓×Hata-f〓] were almost identical with the expected on the basis of a single major gene inheritance. …
NAID 110001105235

Inheritance of Resistance to Fenitrothion and Pirimiphos-methyl in the Rice Stem Borer, Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).

KONNO Yasuhiko,SHISHIDO Takashi
Applied Entomology and Zoology 26(4), 535-541, 1991
… The inheritance of fenitrothion resistance (22-fold) and pirimiphos-methyl resistance (500-fold) was studied in the OP-resistant Hata-f strain of the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis. … The resistance was found to be incompletely recessive, and no extranuclear effects were found. … Observed mortalities for the backcross progenies [F<SUB>1</SUB>(Hata-f〓×S〓)〓×Hata-f〓] were almost identical with the expected on the basis of a single major gene inheritance. …
NAID 130003928308

家族性ストマイ難聴の三家系とその遺伝について

東紘一郎
耳鼻咽喉科臨床 72(6), 739-743, 1979
… In the remaining 13 families, the decision whether the trait was transmitted by males or females was impossible, because in these families only members of the same siblings were affected.Tsuiki and Murai (1971) suggested autosomal dominant inheritance of this trait, but such cannot explain the lack of transmission by males.To explain this unusual inheritance, two hypotheses are possible. …
NAID 130001814905