WordNet
- a person who uses something or someone selfishly or unethically (同)user
- use or manipulate to ones advantage; "He exploit the new taxation system"; "She knows how to work the system"; "he works his parents for sympathy" (同)work
- draw from; make good use of; "we must exploit the resources we are given wisely" (同)tap
PrepTutorEJDIC
- (人・物などを)利用する人,搾取者;開発者
- 英雄的行為,めざましい功績,偉業 / 〈鉱山・資源など〉‘を'『開発する』;〈機会など〉‘を'活用する / …‘を'食いものにする,搾取する
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2015/12/15 09:47:32」(JST)
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The exploitation of natural resources is the use of natural resources for economic growth,[1] sometimes with a negative connotation of accompanying environmental degradation. It started to emerge on an industrial scale in the 19th century as the extraction and processing of raw materials (such as in mining, steam power, and machinery) developed much further than it had in preindustrial eras. During the 20th century, energy consumption rapidly increased. Today, about 80% of the world’s energy consumption is sustained by the extraction of fossil fuels, which consists of oil, coal and gas.[2] Another non-renewable resource that is exploited by humans is subsoil minerals such as precious metals that are mainly used in the production of industrial commodities. Intensive agriculture is an example of a mode of production that hinders many aspects of the natural environment, for example the degradation of forests in a terrestrial ecosystem and water pollution in an aquatic ecosystem. As the world population rises and economic growth occurs, the depletion of natural resources influenced by the unsustainable extraction of raw materials becomes an increasing concern.[3]
Contents
- 1 Why resources are under pressure
- 2 Problems arising from the exploitation of natural resources
- 3 Effects on local communities
- 4 See also
- 5 References
Why resources are under pressure
- Increase in the sophistication of technology enabling natural resources to be extracted quickly and efficiently. E.g., in the past, it could take long hours just to cut down one tree only using saws. Due to increased technology, rates of deforestation have greatly increased
- A rapid increase in population that is now decreasing. The current number of 7.132 billion humans consume many natural resources.
- Cultures of consumerism. Materialistic views lead to the mining of gold and diamonds to produce jewelry, unnecessary commodities for human life or advancement.
- Excessive demand often leads to conflicts due to intense competition. Organizations such as Global Witness and the United Nations have documented the connection.
- Non-equitable distribution of resources.
Problems arising from the exploitation of natural resources
- Deforestation
- Desertification
- Extinction of species
- Forced migration
- Soil erosion
- Oil depletion
- Ozone depletion
- Greenhouse gas increase
- Extreme energy
- Water pollution
- Natural hazard/Natural disaster
Effects on local communities
The Global South
Human Resources Macon, Georgia, 1909
When a mining company enters a developing country to extract raw materials, advocating the advantages of the industry’s presence and minimizing the potential negative effects gain cooperation of the local people. Advantageous factors are primarily in economic development so services that the government could not provide such as health centers, police departments and schools can be established.[4] However, with economic development, money becomes a dominant subject of interest. This can bring about major conflicts that a local community in a developing country has never dealt with before.[5] These conflicts emerge by a change to more egocentric views among the locals influenced by consumerist values.[6]
The effects of the exploitation of natural resources in the local community of a developing country are exhibited in the impacts from the Ok Tedi Mine. After BHP, now BHP Billiton, entered into Papua New Guinea to exploit copper and gold, the economy of the indigenous peoples boomed. Although their quality of life has improved, initially disputes were common among the locals in terms of land rights and who should be getting the benefits from the mining project.[7] The consequences of the Ok Tedi environmental disaster illustrate the potential negative effects from the exploitation of natural resources. The resulting mining pollution includes toxic contamination of the natural water supply for communities along the Ok Tedi River, causing widespread killing of aquatic life. When a mining company ends a project after extracting the raw materials from an area of a developing country, the local people are left to manage with the environmental damage done to their community and the long run sustainability of the economic benefits stimulated by the mining company’s presence becomes a concern.[8]
See also
- Sustainability
- List of environmental issues
- Over-consumption
- Overexploitation
- Environmental disaster
- Easter Island
- Human impact on the environment
References
- ^ Cronin, Richard. (2009). "Natural Resources and the Development-Environment Dilemma." Exploiting Natural Resources. The Henry L. Stimson Centre. p. 63.
- ^ Planas, Florent. "The Exploitation of Natural Resources". Un An Pour La Planete. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
- ^ McNicoll, Geoffrey (2007). "Population and Sustainability". Handbook of Sustainable Development (PDF). Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 125–139. Retrieved 2012-03-13.
- ^ Pedro, Antonio M.A. (2004). Mainstreaming Mineral Wealth in Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategies (PDF). Economic Commission for Africa. pp. 5–6. ISBN 9789211250978. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
- ^ Pegg, Simon (2006). "Mining and poverty reduction: Transforming rhetoric into reality" (PDF). Journal of Cleaner Production (Elsevier) 14 (3-4): 376–387. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.06.006. ISSN 0959-6526. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
- ^ Weber-Fahr, M.; Strongman, J.; Kunanayagam, R.; McMahon, G.; Sheldon, C. (2001). "Mining and Poverty Reduction". Noord Internationaal WB PRSP Sourcebook (PDF). pp. 4–6. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
- ^ Bray, John (2003). "Attracting Reputable Companies to Risky Environments: Petroleum and Mining Companies". Natural Resources and Conflict: Options and Actions. World Bank Publications. pp. 287–347. Retrieved 2012-03-12.
- ^ Brereton, D; Forbes, P. (2004). "Monitoring the Impact of Mining on Local Communities: A Hunter Valley Case Study". (PDF). CSRM. pp. 12–13 http://www.csrm.uq.edu.au/docs/Hunter_Valley.pdf.
English Journal
- Exploiting the exploiter: a viral inhibitor stabilizes TAP for cryo-EM.
- Luteijn RD1, Wiertz EJ1.
- Nature structural & molecular biology.Nat Struct Mol Biol.2016 Feb 3;23(2):95-7. doi: 10.1038/nsmb.3168.
- PMID 26840895
- Host discrimination in modular mutualisms: a theoretical framework for meta-populations of mutualists and exploiters.
- Steidinger BS1, Bever JD2.
- Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society.Proc Biol Sci.2016 Jan 13;283(1822). pii: 20152428. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2428.
- Plants in multiple symbioses are exploited by symbionts that consume their resources without providing services. Discriminating hosts are thought to stabilize mutualism by preferentially allocating resources into anatomical structures (modules) where services are generated, with examples of modules
- PMID 26740613
- No evidence for an effect of traffic noise on the development of the corticosterone stress response in an urban exploiter.
- Angelier F1, Meillère A2, Grace JK2, Trouvé C2, Brischoux F2.
- General and comparative endocrinology.Gen Comp Endocrinol.2015 Dec 10. pii: S0016-6480(15)30042-3. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.12.007. [Epub ahead of print]
- Anthropogenic noise can have important physiological and behavioral effects on wild animals. For example, urban noise could lead to a state of chronic stress and could alter the development of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Supporting this hypothesis, several studies have found that
- PMID 26686316
Japanese Journal
- スキーマ処理を用いた文法進化の改良について(機械学習によるバイオデータマインニング,一般)
- 電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. IBISML, 情報論的学習理論と機械学習 114(105), 137-142, 2014-06-18
- NAID 110009925773
- スキーマ処理を用いた文法進化の改良について(機械学習によるバイオデータマインニング,一般)
Related Links
- exploiterとは。意味や和訳。[名](人・物の)利用者,開発者;搾取者. - goo英和辞書は14万項目以上を収録し、発音、音声、慣用句、例文が分かる英和辞書です。
- Exploiter definition, to utilize, especially for profit; turn to practical account: to exploit a business opportunity. See more. Thesaurus Translator Reference Word of the Day Blog Slideshows Apps by Dictionary My Account Log Out ...
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- (鉱山、土地、天然資源などを)開発/開拓する。(文字味などを)活かす、活用する。(広告)(製品・商品)の市場性を開発する、宣伝する
- (人(の労働力)などを)(利己的に)利用する、食い物にする、搾取する
- 関
- develop, development, employ, exploitation, harness, make use of, pioneer, take advantage of, usage, use, utilisation, utilise, utilization, utilize