WordNet

the organic process of synthesizing and releasing some substance (同)secernment
a functionally specialized substance (especially one that is not a waste) released from a gland or cell
of or relating to exocrine glands or their secretions

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〈C〉分泌(ぶんぴつ)作用(過程) / 〈C〉分泌物 / 〈U〉(…を)隠すこと《+『of』+『名』》
外分泌腺の,外分泌液の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/11/12 12:31:12」(JST)

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In the animal kingdom, the general term gland falls into two major categories with further subtypes falling under each of these.

An Exocrine gland is distinguished by the fact that it excretes its essential product by way of a duct to some environment external to itself, be it either inside the body or on a surface of the body.

Examples of exocrine glands include the sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, pancreas and liver.

An Endocrine gland is its counterpart. It secretes its essential product without the use of a duct directly into the bloodstream or else by diffusion into its surrounding tissue (paracrine signaling) where it often affects only target cells near the release site.

Examples of endocrine glands include the adrenal glands, located atop the kidneys and responsible for the secretion of certain hormones such as adrenaline, cortisol and others. The testes, sing: testicle, in males and ovaries in females are not only gonads, organs which generate male and female germ cells respectively, but are also endocrine glands in that they produce various androgens and estrogens together known as steroidal sex hormones.

Exocrine glands are further sub-classified in the following ways

Structure

Exocrine glands contain a glandular portion and a duct portion, the structures of which can be used to classify the gland.

The duct portion may be branched (called compound) or unbranched (called simple).
The glandular portion may be tubular or acinar, or may be a mix of the two (called tubuloacinar). If the glandular portion branches, then the gland is called a branched gland.

Method of secretion

Exocrine glands are named apocrine glands, holocrine glands, or merocrine glands based on how their products are excreted.

Apocrine glands - a portion of the plasma membrane buds off the cell, containing the excretion.
Holocrine glands - the entire cell disintegrates to excrete its substance, an example is sebaceous glands for skin and nose.
Merocrine glands or (eccrine glands) - cells excrete their substances by exocytosis an example is pancreatic acinar cells.

Product secreted

Serous cells excrete proteins, often enzymes. Examples include chief cells and Paneth cells
Mucous cells excrete mucus. Examples include Brunner's glands, esophageal glands, and pyloric glands
Mixed glands excrete both protein and mucus. Examples include the salivary glands, although the parotid gland is predominantly serous, the sublingual gland is predominantly mucous, and the submandibular gland is both serous and mucous.

List of exocrine glands

Name(s)	Location	Product	Structure
Apocrine sweat glands	skin		coiled tubular
Bartholin's glands, Tiedmann's glands, vulvovaginal glands	vulva, vagina
Bauhin's glands, anterior lingual glands	tongue, near tip	nonserous or mixed
Brunner's glands, duodenal glands	duodenum	mucous	compound tubular
Bulbourethral glands, Cowper's glands, Mery's glands	penis, base	Pre-ejaculate
Ciaccio's glands, accessory lacrimal glands	eye
Cobelli's glands	esophagus, just above the cardia, in the mucosa	mucous
Duverney's gland	vagina, on either side
Ebner's glands	tongue	serous
Eccrine sweat glands	skin		coiled tubular
Esophageal glands	esophagus	mucous	racemose
Exocrine pancreas	pancreas	serous	tubulo-acinar
Fränkel's glands	vocal cords, below the edge
Gastric chief cell, Wasmann's glands	stomach	serous
Glomus coccygeum, coccygeal gland, Luschka's gland or gangliona	coccyx, near the tip
Goblet cells	digestive tract, respiratory tract	mucous	simple unicellular
Henle's glands	eyelids, in the conjuctiva		tubular
Huguier's glands	vagina
Krause's glands	conjunctiva, middle portion	mucous
Lieberkuhn's glands	intestines, surface of mucous membrane		simple tubular
Littré's glands, Morgagni's glands	spongy portion of the urethra		racemose
Mammary gland	breast		compound tubulo-acinar
Meibomian gland	eyelids	sebaceous
Moll's glands	eyelids
Montgomery's glands	mammary areola	sebaceous
Naboth's glands	cervix and os uteri	mucous
Olfactory glands, Bowman's glands	nose, olfactory region
Paneth cells	small intestine	serous
Gley's glands, Sandstroem's glands
parotid gland	mouth	serous	tubulo-alveolar
Peyer's patches (or glands)	ileum, lymphatic glands
Prostate	surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder
Pyloric glands	stomach	mucous	simple branched tubular
Sebaceous gland	skin	sebum	acinar - branched
Skene's glands, Guérin's glands	vagina
Sublingual gland, Rivini's gland	mouth	mucus (primarily)	tubulo-alveolar
Submandibular gland	mouth	mixed (M+S)	tubulo-alveolar
Sudoriparous glands, Boerhaave's glands	skin
Sigmund's glands	epitrochlear lymph nodes
Suzanne's gland	mouth, beneath the alveolingual groove	mucous
Weber's glands	tongue	mucous	tubular
Glands of Zeis	eyelids, free edges	sebaceous

Additional images

Section of the human esophagus. Moderately magnified.
Dissection of a lactating breast.

External links

Diagram at mhhe.com
gland at eMedicine Dictionary

UpToDate Contents

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4-phenylbutyric Acid reduces endoplasmic reticulum stress, trypsin activation, and acinar cell apoptosis while increasing secretion in rat pancreatic acini.

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Pancreas.Pancreas.2013 Jan;42(1):92-101. doi: 10.1097/MPA.0b013e318259f6ca.
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ACTA HISTOCHEMICA ET CYTOCHEMICA 45(5), 241-250, 2012
… A series of discoveries about the salivary ducts in the 17th century by Niels Stensen (1638–1686), Thomas Wharton (1614–1673), and Caspar Bartholin (1655–1738) established the concept of exocrine secretion as well as salivary glands. …
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