WordNet

being or relating to or containing the essence of a plant etc; "essential oil"
absolutely necessary; vitally necessary; "essential tools and materials"; "funds essential to the completion of the project"; "an indispensable worker" (同)indispensable
basic and fundamental; "the essential feature"
the presence of levulose is the urine; "fructosuria is a harmless condition"

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『絶対必要な』,欠くことのできない / 『本質の』,本質的な / (植物・薬剤などの)エキスの,精の / (…に)不可欠の要素;(…の)主眼点,要点《+『of』+『名』》

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/29 23:17:06」(JST)

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Essential fructosuria caused by a deficiency of the enzyme hepatic fructokinase is a clinically benign condition characterized by the incomplete metabolism of fructose in the liver, leading to its excretion in urine.^[1] Fructokinase (sometimes called ketohexokinase) is the first enzyme involved in the degradation of fructose to fructose-1-phosphate in the liver.^[2] This defective degradation does not cause any clinical symptoms, fructose is either excreted unchanged in the urine or metabolized to fructose-6-phosphate by alternate pathways in the body, most commonly by hexokinase in adipose tissue and muscle.^[1]

Essential fructosuria is a genetic condition that is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.^[2] Mutations in the KHK gene, located on chromosome 2p23.3-23.2 are responsible. The incidence of essential fructosuria has been estimated at 1:130,000. The actual incidence is likely higher, because those affected are asymptomatic. A diagnosis of essential fructosuria is typically made after a positive test for reducing substances in the urine. The excretion of fructose in the urine is not constant, it depends largely on dietary intake.^[1]

No treatment is indicated for essential fructosuria, while the degree of fructosuria depends on the dietary fructose intake, it does not have any clinical manifestations.^[1] The amount of fructose routinely lost in urine is quite small.^[3] Other errors in fructose metabolism have greater clinical significance. Hereditary fructose intolerance, or the presence of fructose in the blood (fructosemia), is caused by a deficiency of aldolase B, the second enzyme involved in the metabolism of fructose. This enzyme deficiency results in an accumulation of fructose-1-phosphate, which inhibits the production of glucose and results in diminished regeneration of adenosine triphosphate. Clinically, patients with hereditary fructose intolerance are much more severely affected than those with essential fructosuria, with elevated uric acid, growth abnormalities and can result in coma if untreated.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Steinmann, Beat; Santer, Rene (2012). "Disorders of Fructose Metabolism". In Saudubray, Jean-Marie; van den Berghe, Georges; Walter, John H. Inborn Metabolic Diseases: Diagnosis and Treatment (5th ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 157–165. ISBN 978-3-642-15719-6.
^ ^a ^b Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) 229800
^ Anesthesia and Uncommon Diseases, Third Edition, Katz, Benumof and Kadis, 1999

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English Journal

Structures of alternatively spliced isoforms of human ketohexokinase.

Trinh CH, Asipu A, Bonthron DT, Phillips SE.SourceAstbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, England.
Acta crystallographica. Section D, Biological crystallography.Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr.2009 Mar;65(Pt 3):201-11. Epub 2009 Feb 20.
A molecular understanding of the unique aspects of dietary fructose metabolism may be the key to understanding and controlling the current epidemic of fructose-related obesity, diabetes and related adverse metabolic states in Western populations. Fructose catabolism is initiated by its phosphorylati
PMID 19237742