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resembling a horse
hoofed mammals having slender legs and a flat coat with a narrow mane along the back of the neck (同)equid
of or belonging to the family Equidae

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馬の;馬のような

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/15 19:49:37」(JST)

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Equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) is a virus of the family Herpesviridae that cause rhinopneumonitis in horses. It is the most important viral cause of respiratory infection in foals.^[1] Like other herpes viruses, EHV-4 causes a lifelong latent infection in affected animals. These horses are usually the source for new infection for foals over two months old, weanlings, and yearlings. Symptoms include fever, loss of appetite, and discharge from the nose. Most infected animals recover in one to three weeks,^[2] but death can occur in environments with overcrowding and other stress factors. There are several vaccines available (ATCvet codes: QI05AA03 inactivated, QI05AD01 live, plus various combinations).

Description

EHV-4 is an upper respiratory disease restricted to the infection of the respiratory tract epithelium and its associated lymph nodes.^[3] EHV 4 and its close relative EHV 1 are clinically and pathologically indistinguishable and are the primary pathogens that causing respiratory tract disease in young horses from weanling to 2 years of age.^[4] Incubation period of Equine Herpiesvirus is 2–10 days. Symptoms include fever (38.9–41.7°C), loss of appetite, and a nasal discharge giving it the nickname "snots". Without antibiotic treatment, the damage to the respiratory mucosal barrier predisposes infected horses to secondary infections and the involvement of the lower airways (ex. bronchiolitis or pneumonia); Increasing the duration, severity and the mortality of the disease.^[3] EHV-4 rarely causes abortion in infected pregnant mares unlike its EHV-1 counterpart.^[4] Although there is no specific treatment for the disease once a horse is infected, vaccination against EHV-1 and EHV-4 is recommended as part of preventative herd health for those at high risk of infection. Multiple vaccines are available (Duvaxyn EHV1,4, EquiGuard, EquiVac EHV-1/4, etc.), most in an inactivated virus form.^[3]

The Equine Herpesvirus occupies the horse in such a way that allows post infection viral persistency over the lifetime of an animal. These carrier horses may comprise up to half of a given horse population. Therefore management practices are recommended for controlling and managing EHV include isolating incoming horses for 3–4 weeks before co-mingling with resident horses and pregnant mares, reducing stress to prevent the reappearance of a latent virus and if there is an appearance of EHV affected horses should be isolated, and disinfection of the contaminated premise should commence.^[4] (The EHV has a large genome (150 kb) which is enclosed in a relatively fragile capsule. This limits their survival in the external environment and makes them highly susceptible to common disinfectants.) After an outbreak no horse should leave the premise for three weeks after the final clinical case recovers. Effective prevention measures, quick diagnosis, therapeutic intervention and the ability to control the spread in the case of an outbreak all allow for the management of EHV.

References

^ Fenner, Frank J.; Gibbs, E. Paul J.; Murphy, Frederick A.; Rott, Rudolph; Studdert, Michael J.; White, David O. (1993). Veterinary Virology (2nd ed.). Academic Press, Inc. ISBN 0-12-253056-X.
^ Carter, G.R.; Flores, E.F.; Wise, D.J. (2006). "Herpesviridae". A Concise Review of Veterinary Virology. Retrieved 2006-06-04.
^ ^a ^b ^c Allen, G. P. (28 February 2002). "Respiratory Infections by Equine Herpesvirus types 1 and 4" (PDF). International Veterinary Information Service. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Equine Herpesvirus Infection". The Merck Veterinary Manual. Retrieved 7 November 2011.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Detection of equine herpesvirus-4 and physiological stress patterns in young Thoroughbreds consigned to a South African auction sale.

Badenhorst M1, Page P2, Ganswindt A3, Laver P4, Guthrie A5, Schulman M6.
BMC veterinary research.BMC Vet Res.2015 Jun 2;11:126. doi: 10.1186/s12917-015-0443-4.
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of equine herpesvirus types-1 and -4 (EHV-1 and -4) in South African Thoroughbreds at auction sales is currently undefined. Commingling of young Thoroughbreds from various populations together with physiological stress related to their transport and confinement at a sales
PMID 26033323

Comparative analysis of glycoprotein B (gB) of equine herpesvirus type 1 and type 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4) in cellular tropism and cell-to-cell transmission.

Spiesschaert B1, Osterrieder N2, Azab W3,4.
Viruses.Viruses.2015 Feb 3;7(2):522-42. doi: 10.3390/v7020522.
Glycoprotein B (gB) plays an important role in alphaherpesvirus cellular entry and acts in concert with gD and the gH/gL complex. To evaluate whether functional differences exist between gB1 and gB4, the corresponding genes were exchanged between the two viruses. The gB4-containing-EHV-1 (EHV-1_gB4)
PMID 25654240

Successful control of winter pyrexias caused by equine herpesvirus type 1 in Japanese training centers by achieving high vaccination coverage.

Bannai H1, Mae N2, Ode H3, Nemoto M4, Tsujimura K4, Yamanaka T4, Kondo T4, Matsumura T4.
Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI.Clin Vaccine Immunol.2014 Aug;21(8):1070-6. doi: 10.1128/CVI.00258-14. Epub 2014 May 28.
Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is a major cause of winter pyrexia in racehorses in two training centers (Ritto and Miho) in Japan. Until the epizootic period of 2008-2009, a vaccination program using a killed EHV-1 vaccine targeted only susceptible 3-year-old horses with low antibody levels to EH
PMID 24872513

Japanese Journal

Efficacy of five commercial disinfectants and one anionic surfactant against equine herpesvirus type 1

TSUJIMURA Koji,MURASE Harutaka,BANNAI Hiroshi,NEMOTO Manabu,YAMANAKA Takashi,KONDO Takashi
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science advpub(0), 2015
… We investigated the influences of various reaction conditions on equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) disinfection by 5 commercial disinfectants (3 quaternary ammonium compounds [QACs] and 2 chlorine-based disinfectants) and 1 anionic surfactant. …
NAID 130005075576

Equine herpesvirus type 1 tegument protein VP22 is not essential for pathogenicity in a hamster model but is required for efficient viral growth in cultured cells

OKADA Ayaka,IZUME Satoko,OHYA Kenji,FUKUSHI Hideto
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science advpub(0), 2015
… VP22 is a major tegument protein of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) that is a conserved protein among alphaherpesviruses. …
NAID 130005067042

Virology : Full Genome Sequences of Zebra-Borne Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Isolated from Zebra, Onager and Thomson's Gazelle

GUO Xiaoqin,IZUME Satoko,OKADA Ayaka [他]
The journal of veterinary medical science 76(9), 1309-1312, 2014-09
NAID 40020214785

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リンク元	「EHV-4」「equid herpesvirus 4」「ウマヘルペスウイルス4型」
関連記事	「equi」「equine」「herpesvirus」「herpesviruses」「equine herpesvirus」

「EHV-4」

Equine herpesvirus 4
Virus classification
Group:	Group I (dsDNA)
Order:	Herpesvirales
Family:	Herpesviridae
Subfamily:	Alphaherpesvirinae
Genus:	Varicellovirus
Species:	Equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4)