WordNet

reckoned in a direction opposite to that regarded as positive; "negative interest rates"
a piece of photographic film showing an image with light and shade or colors reversed
a reply of denial; "he answered in the negative"
not indicating the presence of microorganisms or disease or a specific condition; "the HIV test was negative" (同)disconfirming
having a negative charge; "electrons are negative" (同)electronegative, negatively charged
characterized by or displaying negation or denial or opposition or resistance; having no positive features; "a negative outlook on life"; "a colorless negative personality"; "a negative evaluation"; "a negative reaction to an advertising campaign"
expressing or consisting of a negation or refusal or denial
having the quality of something harmful or unpleasant; "ran a negative campaign"; "delinquents retarded by their negative outlook on life"
less than zero; "a negative number"
come on stage
to come or go into; "the boat entered an area of shallow marshes" (同)come_in, get_into, get_in, go_into, go in, move into
become a participant; be involved in; "enter a race"; "enter an agreement"; "enter a drug treatment program"; "enter negotiations" (同)participate
Danish physician and bacteriologist who developed a method of staining bacteria to distinguish among them (1853-1938) (同)Hans C. J. Gram
a metric unit of weight equal to one thousandth of a kilogram (同)gramme, gm, g
of or relating to the enteron (同)enteral

PrepTutorEJDIC

『否定の』,反対の / 『消極的な』,控えめの / 陰電気の;(数値が)負の,マイナスの(minus);(写真が)陰画の,ネガの;(医学検査結果が)陰性の / 『否定』,拒否,「いやだ」と言うこと / 否定語[句] / 《the~》(特に討論会の)反対者側,反対派 / (電気分解に用いる)陰極板 / (数値の)負数 / (写真の)陰画,ネガ / 《しばしば受動態に用いて》…‘に'反対投票をする / =negate
…‘に'『入る』,入り込む / 〈弾丸などが〉…‘を'突き通す,‘に'入り込む(penetrate) / …‘の'『一員となる』,‘に'入る;…‘に'参加する / (…に)〈人〉‘を'入学させる;(競争などに)〈人・動物など〉‘を'参加させる《+『名』+『in』(『for』)+『名』》 / (…に)…‘を'記入する,登録する《+『名』+『in』(『into, on』)+『名』》 / 〈新しい生活・局面など〉‘に'入る / 〈異議など〉‘を'正式に申し出る / 『入る』 / 登場する

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. グラム陰性桿菌性髄膜炎：疫学、臨床的特徴、および診断 gram negative bacillary meningitis epidemiology clinical features and diagnosis
2. グラム陰性桿菌性髄膜炎：治療 gram negative bacillary meningitis treatment
3. 成人におけるグラム陰性桿菌菌血症 gram negative bacillary bacteremia in adults
4. 細菌検査室におけるグラム染色および培養結果に対するアプローチ approach to gram stain and culture results in the microbiology laboratory
5. カルバペネマーゼ産生グラム陰性桿菌の概要 overview of carbapenemase producing gram negative bacilli

English Journal

CCL28 involvement in mucosal tissues protection as a chemokine and as an antibacterial peptide.

Berri M1, Virlogeux-Payant I2, Chevaleyre C3, Melo S4, Zanello G5, Salmon H6, Meurens F7.Author information 1INRA Centre de Val de Loire, UMR-1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380 Nouzilly, France. Electronic address: mberri@tours.inra.fr.2INRA Centre de Val de Loire, UMR-1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380 Nouzilly, France. Electronic address: ipayant@tours.inra.fr.3INRA Centre de Val de Loire, UMR-1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380 Nouzilly, France. Electronic address: chevaley@tours.inra.fr.4INRA Centre de Val de Loire, UMR-1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380 Nouzilly, France. Electronic address: melo@tours.inra.fr.5INRA Centre de Val de Loire, UMR-1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380 Nouzilly, France. Electronic address: galliano.zanello@utoronto.ca.6INRA Centre de Val de Loire, UMR-1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380 Nouzilly, France. Electronic address: hsalmon@gmail.com.7INRA Centre de Val de Loire, UMR-1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380 Nouzilly, France. Electronic address: francois.meurens@usask.ca.AbstractCCL28 chemokine is expressed by epithelial cells of various mucosal tissues. This chemokine binds to CCR3 and CCR10 receptors and plays an essential role in the IgA antibody secreting cells (IgA-ASC) homing to mucosal surfaces and to lactating mammary gland as well. In addition, CCL28 has been shown to exert a potent antimicrobial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. Using the pig model, we investigated the expression of both CCR10 and CCR3 receptors in a large panel of mucosal tissues. RT-PCR analysis revealed the expression of CCR3 and CCR10 mRNA in salivary glands, nasal mucosae, Peyer's patches, small and large intestine, suggesting the presence of leucocytes expressing these receptors within these tissues. CCR10 mRNA was observed in sow mammary gland at late gestation with an increasing level during lactation. Recombinant porcine CCL28 protein was produced and mass spectrometry analysis revealed antimicrobial chemokines features such as a high pI value (10.2) and a C-terminal highly positively-charged region. Using a viable count assay, we showed that CCL28 displayed antimicrobial activity against enteric pathogens and was effective in killing Salmonella serotypes Dublin and Choleraesuis, enteroinvasive Escherichia coli K88 and non-pathogenic E. Coli K12. The potent antimicrobial function of CCL28 combined with its wide distribution in mucosal tissues and secretions suggest that this protein plays an important role in innate immune protection of the epithelial surfaces.
Developmental and comparative immunology.Dev Comp Immunol.2014 Jun;44(2):286-90. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.01.005. Epub 2014 Jan 18.
CCL28 chemokine is expressed by epithelial cells of various mucosal tissues. This chemokine binds to CCR3 and CCR10 receptors and plays an essential role in the IgA antibody secreting cells (IgA-ASC) homing to mucosal surfaces and to lactating mammary gland as well. In addition, CCL28 has been shown
PMID 24445014

Toll-like receptor stimulation induces nondefensin protein expression and reverses antibiotic-induced gut defense impairment.

Wu YY1, Hsu CM, Chen PH, Fung CP, Chen LW.Author information 1Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.AbstractPrior antibiotic exposure is associated with increased mortality in Gram-negative bacteria-induced sepsis. However, how antibiotic-mediated changes of commensal bacteria promote the spread of enteric pathogenic bacteria in patients remains unclear. In this study, the effects of systemic antibiotic treatment with or without Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation on bacterium-killing activity, antibacterial protein expression in the intestinal mucosa, and bacterial translocation were examined in mice receiving antibiotics with or without oral supplementation of dead Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus. We developed a systemic ampicillin, vancomycin, and metronidazole treatment protocol to simulate the clinical use of antibiotics. Antibiotic treatment decreased the total number of bacteria, including aerobic bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae and the genus Enterococcus as well as organisms of the anaerobic genera Lactococcus and Bifidobacterium in the intestinal mucosa and lumen. Antibiotic treatment significantly decreased the bacterium-killing activity of the intestinal mucosa and the expression of non-defensin-family proteins, such as RegIIIβ, RegIIIγ, C-reactive protein-ductin, and RELMβ, but not the defensin-family proteins, and increased Klebsiella pneumoniae translocation. TLR stimulation after antibiotic treatment increased NF-κB DNA binding activity, nondefensin protein expression, and bacterium-killing activity in the intestinal mucosa and decreased K. pneumoniae translocation. Moreover, germfree mice showed a significant decrease in nondefensin proteins as well as intestinal defense against pathogen translocation. Since TLR stimulation induced NF-κB DNA binding activity, TLR4 expression, and mucosal bacterium-killing activity in germfree mice, we conclude that the commensal microflora is critical in maintaining intestinal nondefensin protein expression and the intestinal barrier. In turn, we suggest that TLR stimulation induces nondefensin protein expression and reverses antibiotic-induced gut defense impairment.
Infection and immunity.Infect Immun.2014 May;82(5):1994-2005. doi: 10.1128/IAI.01578-14. Epub 2014 Mar 4.
Prior antibiotic exposure is associated with increased mortality in Gram-negative bacteria-induced sepsis. However, how antibiotic-mediated changes of commensal bacteria promote the spread of enteric pathogenic bacteria in patients remains unclear. In this study, the effects of systemic antibiotic t
PMID 24595141

Genetic Analysis of Riboswitch-mediated Transcriptional Regulation Responding to Mn2+ in Salmonella.

Shi Y1, Zhao G, Kong W.Author information 1From the Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Biodesign Institute, and.AbstractRiboswitches are a class of cis-acting regulatory RNAs normally characterized from the 5'-UTR of bacterial transcripts that bind a specific ligand to regulate expression of associated genes by forming alternative conformations. Here, we present a riboswitch that contributes to transcriptional regulation through sensing Mn(2+) in Salmonella typhimurium. We characterized a 5'-UTR (UTR1) from the mntH locus encoding a Mn(2+) transporter, which forms a Rho-independent terminator to implement transcription termination with a high Mn(2+) selectivity both in vivo and in vitro. Nucleotide substitutions that cause disruption of the terminator interfere with the regulatory function of UTR1. RNA probing analyses outlined a specific UTR1 conformation that favors the terminator structure in Mn(2+)-replete condition. Switch sequence GCUAUG can alternatively base pair duplicated hexanucleotide CAUAGC to form either a pseudoknot or terminator stem. Mn(2+), but not Mg(2+), and Ca(2+), can enhance cleavage at specific nucleotides in UTR1. We conclude that UTR1 is a riboswitch that senses cytoplasmic Mn(2+) and therefore participates in Mn(2+)-responsive mntH regulation in Salmonella. This riboswitch domain is also conserved in several Gram-negative enteric bacteria, indicating that this Mn(2+)-responsive mechanism could have broader implications in bacterial gene expression. Additionally, a high level of cytoplasmic Mn(2+) can down-regulate transcription of the Salmonella Mg(2+) transporter mgtA locus in a Mg(2+) riboswitch-dependent manner. On the other hand, these two types of cation riboswitches do not share similarity at the primary or secondary structural levels. Taken together, characterization of Mn(2+)-responsive riboswitches should expand the scope of RNA regulatory elements in response to inorganic ions.
The Journal of biological chemistry.J Biol Chem.2014 Apr 18;289(16):11353-66. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M113.517516. Epub 2014 Mar 4.
Riboswitches are a class of cis-acting regulatory RNAs normally characterized from the 5'-UTR of bacterial transcripts that bind a specific ligand to regulate expression of associated genes by forming alternative conformations. Here, we present a riboswitch that contributes to transcriptional regula
PMID 24596096